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           Home
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="02-variables.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Variables and... 
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       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Running and Quitting</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2024-04-15 |
-        
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/01-run-quit.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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         </div>
@@ -511,8 +511,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 to tell a complete story of the analysis.</li>
 </ul><p>Each notebook contains one or more cells that contain code, text, or
 images.</p>
-<section id="getting-started-with-jupyterlab"><h2 class="section-heading">Getting Started with JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-started-with-jupyterlab"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="getting-started-with-jupyterlab">Getting Started with JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-started-with-jupyterlab"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-started-with-jupyterlab"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>JupyterLab is an application server with a web user interface from <a href="https://jupyter.org/" class="external-link">Project Jupyter</a> that enables one to work
 with documents and activities such as Jupyter notebooks, text editors,
 terminals, and even custom components in a flexible, integrated, and
@@ -552,8 +552,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">JupyterLab? What about Jupyter notebooks?<a class="anc
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="starting-jupyterlab"><h2 class="section-heading">Starting JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#starting-jupyterlab"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="starting-jupyterlab">Starting JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#starting-jupyterlab"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#starting-jupyterlab"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>You can start the JupyterLab server through the command line or
 through an application called <code>Anaconda Navigator</code>. Anaconda
 Navigator is included as part of the Anaconda Python distribution.</p>
@@ -612,8 +612,8 @@ <h3 id="anaconda-navigator">Anaconda Navigator<a class="anchor" aria-label="anch
 <p align="center">
 <img alt="JupyterLab landing page" src="fig/0_jupyterlab_landing_page.png" width="750" class="figure"></p>
 </div>
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-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-jupyterlab-interface">The JupyterLab Interface<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyterlab-interface"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyterlab-interface"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>JupyterLab has many features found in traditional integrated
 development environments (IDEs) but is focused on providing flexible
 building blocks for interactive, exploratory computing.</p>
@@ -708,8 +708,8 @@ <h3 id="main-work-area">Main Work Area<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 tab for the current activity is marked with a colored top border (blue
 by default).</p>
 </div>
-</section><section id="creating-a-python-script"><h2 class="section-heading">Creating a Python script<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-python-script"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="creating-a-python-script">Creating a Python script<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-python-script"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-python-script"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>To start writing a new Python program click the Text File icon under
 the <em>Other</em> header in the Launcher tab of the Main Work Area.
 <ul><li>You can also create a new plain text file by selecting the <em>New
@@ -723,8 +723,8 @@ <h3 id="main-work-area">Main Work Area<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 operating system) know that this text file is a Python program.</li>
 <li>This is convention, not a requirement.</li>
 </ul></li>
-</ul></section><section id="creating-a-jupyter-notebook"><h2 class="section-heading">Creating a Jupyter Notebook<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-jupyter-notebook"></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="creating-a-jupyter-notebook">Creating a Jupyter Notebook<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-jupyter-notebook"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-jupyter-notebook"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>To open a new notebook click the Python 3 icon under the
 <em>Notebook</em> header in the Launcher tab in the main work area. You
 can also create a new notebook by selecting <em>New -&gt; Notebook</em>
@@ -782,7 +782,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Arranging Documents into Panels of Tabs<a class="ancho
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   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>After creating the necessary tabs, you can drag one of the tabs to
 the center of a panel to move the tab to the panel; next you can
@@ -808,8 +808,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Code vs. Text<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hr
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-notebook-has-command-and-edit-modes."><h2 class="section-heading">The Notebook has Command and Edit modes.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-notebook-has-command-and-edit-modes."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-notebook-has-command-and-edit-modes-">The Notebook has Command and Edit modes.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-notebook-has-command-and-edit-modes."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-notebook-has-command-and-edit-modes-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>If you press <kbd>Esc</kbd> and <kbd>Return</kbd> alternately, the
 outer border of your code cell will change from gray to blue.</li>
 <li>These are the <strong>Command</strong> (gray) and
@@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Command Vs. Edit<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor"
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Command mode has a grey border and Edit mode has a blue border. Use
 <kbd>Esc</kbd> and <kbd>Return</kbd> to switch between modes. You need
@@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Creating Lists in Markdown<a class="anchor" aria-label
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>This challenge integrates both the numbered list and bullet list.
 Note that the bullet list is indented 2 spaces so that it is inline with
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 </button>
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+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Python returns the output of the last calculation.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
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 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The Python code gets treated like Markdown text. The lines appear as
 if they are part of one contiguous paragraph. This could be useful to
@@ -1128,7 +1128,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Equations<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution6">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The notebook shows the equation as it would be rendered from LaTeX
 equation syntax. The dollar sign, <code>$</code>, is used to tell
@@ -1146,8 +1146,8 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="closing-jupyterlab"><h2 class="section-heading">Closing JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#closing-jupyterlab"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="closing-jupyterlab">Closing JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#closing-jupyterlab"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#closing-jupyterlab"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>From the Menu Bar select the “File” menu and then choose “Shut Down”
 at the bottom of the dropdown menu. You will be prompted to confirm that
 you wish to shutdown the JupyterLab server (don’t forget to save your
@@ -1197,7 +1197,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Home
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="02-variables.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Variables and... 
+          Next: Variables and...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -1208,18 +1208,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
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+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/01-run-quit.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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@@ -1244,7 +1244,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/01-run-quit.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2024-04-15",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
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         </a>
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           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
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         <h1>Variables and Assignment</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/02-variables.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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@@ -487,8 +487,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
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-<section id="use-variables-to-store-values."><h2 class="section-heading">Use variables to store values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-variables-to-store-values."></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-variables-to-store-values-">Use variables to store values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-variables-to-store-values."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-variables-to-store-values-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li><p><strong>Variables</strong> are names for values.</p></li>
 <li>
 <p>Variable names</p>
@@ -517,8 +517,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a>first_name <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'Ahmed'</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </li>
-</ul></section><section id="use-print-to-display-values."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>print</code> to display values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-print-to-display-values."></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-print-to-display-values-">Use <code>print</code> to display values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-print-to-display-values."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-print-to-display-values-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Python has a built-in function called <code>print</code> that prints
 things as text.</li>
 <li>Call the function (i.e., tell Python to run it) by using its
@@ -544,8 +544,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>print</code> automatically puts a single space between items
 to separate them.</li>
 <li>And wraps around to a new line at the end.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used."><h2 class="section-heading">Variables must be created before they are used.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used."></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used-">Variables must be created before they are used.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>If a variable doesn’t exist yet, or if the name has been
 mis-spelled, Python reports an error. (Unlike some languages, which
 “guess” a default value.)</li>
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 </div>
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-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="variables-can-be-used-in-calculations-">Variables can be used in calculations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-can-be-used-in-calculations."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-can-be-used-in-calculations-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>We can use variables in calculations just as if they were values.
 <ul><li>Remember, we assigned the value <code>42</code> to <code>age</code>
 a few lines ago.</li>
@@ -619,8 +619,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>Age in three years: 45</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string."><h2 class="section-heading">Use an index to get a single character from a string.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string-">Use an index to get a single character from a string.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>The characters (individual letters, numbers, and so on) in a string
 are ordered. For example, the string <code>'AB'</code> is not the same
 as <code>'BA'</code>. Because of this ordering, we can treat the string
@@ -645,8 +645,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="va">h</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring."><h2 class="section-heading">Use a slice to get a substring.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring-">Use a slice to get a substring.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>A part of a string is called a <strong>substring</strong>. A
 substring can be as short as a single character.</li>
 <li>An item in a list is called an element. Whenever we treat a string
@@ -674,9 +674,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="va">sod</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-the-built-in-function-len-to-find-the-length-of-a-string."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the built-in function <code>len</code> to find the length of a
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-built-in-function-len-to-find-the-length-of-a-string-">Use the built-in function <code>len</code> to find the length of a
 string.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-len-to-find-the-length-of-a-string."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-len-to-find-the-length-of-a-string-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -689,14 +689,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 <ul><li>Nested functions are evaluated from the inside out, like in
 mathematics.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="python-is-case-sensitive."><h2 class="section-heading">Python is case-sensitive.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-is-case-sensitive."></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="python-is-case-sensitive-">Python is case-sensitive.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-is-case-sensitive."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-is-case-sensitive-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Python thinks that upper- and lower-case letters are different, so
 <code>Name</code> and <code>name</code> are different variables.</li>
 <li>There are conventions for using upper-case letters at the start of
 variable names so we will use lower-case letters for now.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="use-meaningful-variable-names."><h2 class="section-heading">Use meaningful variable names.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-meaningful-variable-names."></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-meaningful-variable-names-">Use meaningful variable names.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-meaningful-variable-names."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-meaningful-variable-names-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Python doesn’t care what you call variables as long as they obey the
 rules (alphanumeric characters and the underscore).</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb16">
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 </button>
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 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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 </button>
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 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
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 </button>
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Numbers are not strings or sequences and Python will raise an error
 if you try to perform an index operation on a number. In the <a href="03-types-conversion.html">next lesson on types and type
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Choosing a Name<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" h
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p><code>minutes</code> is better because <code>min</code> might mean
 something like “minimum” (and actually is an existing built-in function
@@ -910,7 +910,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
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 </button>
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>
 <code>species_name[2:8]</code> returns the substring
@@ -1025,7 +1025,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Running and Quitting
         </a>
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   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/02-variables.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2023-05-02",
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 }
 
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         <h1>Data Types and Type Conversion</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
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+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="every-value-has-a-type-">Every value has a type.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-value-has-a-type."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-value-has-a-type-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Every value in a program has a specific type.</li>
 <li>Integer (<code>int</code>): represents positive or negative whole
 numbers like 3 or -512.</li>
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 match).</li>
 <li>The quote marks aren’t printed when the string is displayed.</li>
 </ul></li>
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+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-built-in-function-type-to-find-the-type-of-a-value-">Use the built-in function <code>type</code> to find the type of a
 value.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-type-to-find-the-type-of-a-value."></a>
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 value has.</li>
 <li>Works on variables as well.
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 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>&lt;class 'str'&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="types-control-what-operations-or-methods-can-be-performed-on-a-given-value."><h2 class="section-heading">Types control what operations (or methods) can be performed on a
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="types-control-what-operations-or-methods-can-be-performed-on-a-given-value-">Types control what operations (or methods) can be performed on a
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 TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'str' and 'str'</code></pre>
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-</section><section id="you-can-use-the-and-operators-on-strings."><h2 class="section-heading">You can use the “+” and “*” operators on strings.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#you-can-use-the-and-operators-on-strings."></a>
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+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="you-can-use-the-and-operators-on-strings-">You can use the “+” and “*” operators on strings.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#you-can-use-the-and-operators-on-strings."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#you-can-use-the-and-operators-on-strings-"></a></h2>
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 </div>
-</section><section id="strings-have-a-length-but-numbers-dont."><h2 class="section-heading">Strings have a length (but numbers don’t).<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#strings-have-a-length-but-numbers-dont."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="strings-have-a-length-but-numbers-dont-">Strings have a length (but numbers don’t).<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#strings-have-a-length-but-numbers-dont."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#strings-have-a-length-but-numbers-dont-"></a></h2>
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 TypeError: object of type 'int' has no len()</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="convert-numbers-and-strings"><h2 class="section-heading">Must convert numbers to strings or vice versa when operating on
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="convert-numbers-and-strings">Must convert numbers to strings or vice versa when operating on
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 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">3</span></span>
 <span><span class="fl">12</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="can-mix-integers-and-floats-freely-in-operations."><h2 class="section-heading">Can mix integers and floats freely in operations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-mix-integers-and-floats-freely-in-operations."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="can-mix-integers-and-floats-freely-in-operations-">Can mix integers and floats freely in operations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-mix-integers-and-floats-freely-in-operations."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-mix-integers-and-floats-freely-in-operations-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Integers and floating-point numbers can be mixed in arithmetic.
 <ul><li>Python 3 automatically converts integers to floats as needed.</li>
 </ul></li>
@@ -673,8 +673,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>half is 0.5
 three squared is 9.0</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="variables-only-change-value-when-something-is-assigned-to-them."><h2 class="section-heading">Variables only change value when something is assigned to them.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-only-change-value-when-something-is-assigned-to-them."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="variables-only-change-value-when-something-is-assigned-to-them-">Variables only change value when something is assigned to them.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-only-change-value-when-something-is-assigned-to-them."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-only-change-value-when-something-is-assigned-to-them-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>If we make one cell in a spreadsheet depend on another, and update
 the latter, the former updates automatically.</li>
 <li>This does <strong>not</strong> happen in programming languages.</li>
@@ -1102,7 +1102,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Variables and
         </a>
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       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
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   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/03-types-conversion.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2023-05-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
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             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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@@ -451,18 +451,18 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
           Previous: Data Types and Type
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="05-coffee.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Morning Coffee... 
+          Next: Morning Coffee...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Built-in Functions and Help</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/04-built-in.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
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           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -497,16 +497,16 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs."><h2 class="section-heading">Use comments to add documentation to programs.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs."></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs-">Use comments to add documentation to programs.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># This sentence isn't executed by Python.</span></span>
 <span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a>adjustment <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">0.5</span>   <span class="co"># Neither is this - anything after '#' is ignored.</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments."><h2 class="section-heading">A function may take zero or more arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments-">A function may take zero or more arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>We have seen some functions already — now let’s take a closer
 look.</li>
 <li>An <em>argument</em> is a value passed into a function.</li>
@@ -536,8 +536,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span></span>
 <span><span class="va">after</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="every-function-returns-something."><h2 class="section-heading">Every function returns something.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-function-returns-something."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="every-function-returns-something-">Every function returns something.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-function-returns-something."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-function-returns-something-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Every function call produces some result.</li>
 <li>If the function doesn’t have a useful result to return, it usually
 returns the special value <code>None</code>. <code>None</code> is a
@@ -554,9 +554,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>example
 result of print is None</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="commonly-used-built-in-functions-include-max-min-and-round."><h2 class="section-heading">Commonly-used built-in functions include <code>max</code>,
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="commonly-used-built-in-functions-include-max-min-and-round-">Commonly-used built-in functions include <code>max</code>,
 <code>min</code>, and <code>round</code>.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#commonly-used-built-in-functions-include-max-min-and-round."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#commonly-used-built-in-functions-include-max-min-and-round-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Use <code>max</code> to find the largest value of one or more
 values.</li>
 <li>Use <code>min</code> to find the smallest.</li>
@@ -575,9 +575,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">3</span></span>
 <span><span class="fl">0</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="functions-may-only-work-for-certain-combinations-of-arguments."><h2 class="section-heading">Functions may only work for certain (combinations of)
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="functions-may-only-work-for-certain-combinations-of-arguments-">Functions may only work for certain (combinations of)
 arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-only-work-for-certain-combinations-of-arguments."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-only-work-for-certain-combinations-of-arguments-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>
 <code>max</code> and <code>min</code> must be given at least one
 argument.
@@ -599,8 +599,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 
 TypeError: '&gt;' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments."><h2 class="section-heading">Functions may have default values for some arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments-">Functions may have default values for some arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>
 <code>round</code> will round off a floating-point number.</li>
 <li>By default, rounds to zero decimal places.</li>
@@ -625,8 +625,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">3.7</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods"><h2 class="section-heading">Functions attached to objects are called methods<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods">Functions attached to objects are called methods<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Functions take another form that will be common in the pandas
 episodes.</li>
 <li>Methods have parentheses like functions, but come after the
@@ -668,9 +668,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 HELLO WORLD
 True</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-the-built-in-function-help-to-get-help-for-a-function."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the built-in function <code>help</code> to get help for a
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-built-in-function-help-to-get-help-for-a-function-">Use the built-in function <code>help</code> to get help for a
 function.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-help-to-get-help-for-a-function."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-help-to-get-help-for-a-function-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Every built-in function has online documentation.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb18">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -684,12 +684,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 
 round(number, ndigits=None)
     Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits.
-    
+
     The return value is an integer if ndigits is omitted or None.  Otherwise
     the return value has the same type as the number.  ndigits may be negative.</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help."><h2 class="section-heading">The Jupyter Notebook has two ways to get help.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help-">The Jupyter Notebook has two ways to get help.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Option 1: Place the cursor near where the function is invoked in a
 cell (i.e., the function name or its parameters),
 <ul><li>Hold down <kbd>Shift</kbd>, and press <kbd>Tab</kbd>.</li>
@@ -697,9 +697,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </ul></li>
 <li>Option 2: Type the function name in a cell with a question mark
 after it. Then run the cell.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="python-reports-a-syntax-error-when-it-cant-understand-the-source-of-a-program."><h2 class="section-heading">Python reports a syntax error when it can’t understand the source of
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="python-reports-a-syntax-error-when-it-cant-understand-the-source-of-a-program-">Python reports a syntax error when it can’t understand the source of
 a program.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-reports-a-syntax-error-when-it-cant-understand-the-source-of-a-program."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-reports-a-syntax-error-when-it-cant-understand-the-source-of-a-program-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Won’t even try to run the program if it can’t be parsed.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -753,9 +753,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 occurred in cell 6 of our Notebook.</li>
 <li>Next is the problematic line of code, indicating the problem with a
 <code>^</code> pointer.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="runtime-error"><h2 class="section-heading">Python reports a runtime error when something goes wrong while a
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="runtime-error">Python reports a runtime error when something goes wrong while a
 program is executing.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#runtime-error"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#runtime-error"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Data Types and Type
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="05-coffee.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Morning Coffee... 
+          Next: Morning Coffee...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -1018,18 +1018,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
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+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/04-built-in.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
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+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
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+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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         <h1>Morning Coffee</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
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 <hr class="half-width"><p>Over coffee, reflect on and discuss the following:</p>
 <ul><li>What are the different kinds of errors Python will report?</li>
 <li>Did the code always produce the results you expected? If not,
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
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 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
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         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
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           Previous: Morning Coffee
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="07-reading-tabular.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Reading Tabular Data... 
+          Next: Reading Tabular Data...
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         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Libraries</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/06-libraries.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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@@ -489,9 +489,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
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-<section id="most-of-the-power-of-a-programming-language-is-in-its-libraries."><h2 class="section-heading">Most of the power of a programming language is in its
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="most-of-the-power-of-a-programming-language-is-in-its-libraries-">Most of the power of a programming language is in its
 libraries.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#most-of-the-power-of-a-programming-language-is-in-its-libraries."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#most-of-the-power-of-a-programming-language-is-in-its-libraries-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>A <em>library</em> is a collection of files (called
 <em>modules</em>) that contains functions for use by other programs.
 <ul><li>May also contain data values (e.g., numerical constants) and other
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 </div>
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-</section><section id="a-program-must-import-a-library-module-before-using-it."><h2 class="section-heading">A program must import a library module before using it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-program-must-import-a-library-module-before-using-it."></a>
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+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-program-must-import-a-library-module-before-using-it-">A program must import a library module before using it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-program-must-import-a-library-module-before-using-it."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-program-must-import-a-library-module-before-using-it-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Use <code>import</code> to load a library module into a program’s
 memory.</li>
 <li>Then refer to things from the module as
@@ -549,9 +549,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>pi</code> doesn’t somehow “inherit” the function’s reference to
 <code>math</code>.</li>
 </ul></li>
-</ul></section><section id="use-help-to-learn-about-the-contents-of-a-library-module."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>help</code> to learn about the contents of a library
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-help-to-learn-about-the-contents-of-a-library-module-">Use <code>help</code> to learn about the contents of a library
 module.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-help-to-learn-about-the-contents-of-a-library-module."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-help-to-learn-about-the-contents-of-a-library-module-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Works just like help for a function.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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         Return the arc cosine (measured in radians) of x.
 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="import-specific-items-from-a-library-module-to-shorten-programs."><h2 class="section-heading">Import specific items from a library module to shorten
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="import-specific-items-from-a-library-module-to-shorten-programs-">Import specific items from a library module to shorten
 programs.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#import-specific-items-from-a-library-module-to-shorten-programs."></a>
-</h2>
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Use <code>from ... import ...</code> to load only specific items
 from a library module.</li>
 <li>Then refer to them directly without library name as prefix.</li>
@@ -602,9 +602,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>cos(pi) is -1.0</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="create-an-alias-for-a-library-module-when-importing-it-to-shorten-programs."><h2 class="section-heading">Create an alias for a library module when importing it to shorten
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 programs.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#create-an-alias-for-a-library-module-when-importing-it-to-shorten-programs."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#create-an-alias-for-a-library-module-when-importing-it-to-shorten-programs-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Use <code>import ... as ...</code> to give a library a short
 <em>alias</em> while importing it.</li>
 <li>Then refer to items in the library using that shortened name.</li>
@@ -1053,7 +1053,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Morning Coffee
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="07-reading-tabular.html" rel="next">
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       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
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   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/06-libraries.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2023-05-02",
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         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="08-data-frames.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Pandas DataFrames... 
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           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
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         <h1>Reading Tabular Data into DataFrames</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/07-reading-tabular.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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         </div>
@@ -486,8 +486,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the Pandas library to do statistics on tabular data.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data."></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data-">Use the Pandas library to do statistics on tabular data.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>
 <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/" class="external-link">Pandas</a> is a widely-used
 Python library for statistics, particularly on tabular data.</li>
@@ -559,9 +559,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-index_col-to-specify-that-a-columns-values-should-be-used-as-row-headings."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>index_col</code> to specify that a column’s values should
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-index_col-to-specify-that-a-columns-values-should-be-used-as-row-headings-">Use <code>index_col</code> to specify that a column’s values should
 be used as row headings.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-index_col-to-specify-that-a-columns-values-should-be-used-as-row-headings."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-index_col-to-specify-that-a-columns-values-should-be-used-as-row-headings-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Row headings are numbers (0 and 1 in this case).</li>
 <li>Really want to index by country.</li>
 <li>Pass the name of the column to <code>read_csv</code> as its
@@ -593,9 +593,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Australia       23424.76683     26997.93657     30687.75473     34435.36744
 New Zealand     18363.32494     21050.41377     23189.80135     25185.00911</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-the-dataframe.info-method-to-find-out-more-about-a-dataframe."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the <code>DataFrame.info()</code> method to find out more about
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-dataframe-info-method-to-find-out-more-about-a-dataframe-">Use the <code>DataFrame.info()</code> method to find out more about
 a dataframe.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-dataframe.info-method-to-find-out-more-about-a-dataframe."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-dataframe-info-method-to-find-out-more-about-a-dataframe-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -633,9 +633,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 missing observations.</li>
 </ul></li>
 <li>Uses 208 bytes of memory.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="the-dataframe.columns-variable-stores-information-about-the-dataframes-columns."><h2 class="section-heading">The <code>DataFrame.columns</code> variable stores information about
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-dataframe-columns-variable-stores-information-about-the-dataframes-columns-">The <code>DataFrame.columns</code> variable stores information about
 the dataframe’s columns.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-dataframe.columns-variable-stores-information-about-the-dataframes-columns."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-dataframe-columns-variable-stores-information-about-the-dataframes-columns-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Note that this is data, <em>not</em> a method. (It doesn’t have
 parentheses.)
 <ul><li>Like <code>math.pi</code>.</li>
@@ -655,8 +655,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
        'gdpPercap_1992', 'gdpPercap_1997', 'gdpPercap_2002', 'gdpPercap_2007'],
       dtype='object')</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-dataframe.t-to-transpose-a-dataframe."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>DataFrame.T</code> to transpose a dataframe.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.t-to-transpose-a-dataframe."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-dataframe-t-to-transpose-a-dataframe-">Use <code>DataFrame.T</code> to transpose a dataframe.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.t-to-transpose-a-dataframe."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe-t-to-transpose-a-dataframe-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Sometimes want to treat columns as rows and vice versa.</li>
 <li>Transpose (written <code>.T</code>) doesn’t copy the data, just
 changes the program’s view of it.</li>
@@ -683,9 +683,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 gdpPercap_2002  30687.75473  23189.80135
 gdpPercap_2007  34435.36744  25185.00911</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-dataframe.describe-to-get-summary-statistics-about-data."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>DataFrame.describe()</code> to get summary statistics
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-dataframe-describe-to-get-summary-statistics-about-data-">Use <code>DataFrame.describe()</code> to get summary statistics
 about data.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.describe-to-get-summary-statistics-about-data."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe-describe-to-get-summary-statistics-about-data-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p><code>DataFrame.describe()</code> gets the summary statistics of only
 the columns that have numerical data. All other columns are ignored,
 unless you use the argument <code>include='all'</code>.</p>
@@ -1021,7 +1021,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Libraries
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="08-data-frames.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Pandas DataFrames... 
+          Next: Pandas DataFrames...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
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       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/07-reading-tabular.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
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   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/07-reading-tabular.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2023-05-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
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             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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           Previous: Reading Tabular Data
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="09-plotting.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Plotting... 
+          Next: Plotting...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Pandas DataFrames</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-08-29 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/08-data-frames.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
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           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -491,8 +491,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="note-about-pandas-dataframesseries"><h2 class="section-heading">Note about Pandas DataFrames/Series<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#note-about-pandas-dataframesseries"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="note-about-pandas-dataframesseries">Note about Pandas DataFrames/Series<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#note-about-pandas-dataframesseries"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#note-about-pandas-dataframesseries"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>A <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.DataFrame.html" class="external-link">DataFrame</a>
 is a collection of <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.Series.html" class="external-link">Series</a>;
 The DataFrame is the way Pandas represents a table, and Series is the
@@ -503,17 +503,17 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <p>What makes Pandas so attractive is the powerful interface to access
 individual records of the table, proper handling of missing values, and
 relational-databases operations between DataFrames.</p>
-</section><section id="selecting-values"><h2 class="section-heading">Selecting values<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#selecting-values"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="selecting-values">Selecting values<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#selecting-values"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#selecting-values"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>To access a value at the position <code>[i,j]</code> of a DataFrame,
 we have two options, depending on what is the meaning of <code>i</code>
 in use. Remember that a DataFrame provides an <em>index</em> as a way to
 identify the rows of the table; a row, then, has a <em>position</em>
 inside the table as well as a <em>label</em>, which uniquely identifies
 its <em>entry</em> in the DataFrame.</p>
-</section><section id="use-dataframe.iloc...-...-to-select-values-by-their-entry-position"><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>DataFrame.iloc[..., ...]</code> to select values by their
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-dataframe-iloc--------to-select-values-by-their-entry-position">Use <code>DataFrame.iloc[..., ...]</code> to select values by their
 (entry) position<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.iloc...-...-to-select-values-by-their-entry-position"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe-iloc--------to-select-values-by-their-entry-position"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Can specify location by numerical index analogously to 2D version of
 character selection in strings.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
@@ -528,9 +528,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">1601.056136</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-dataframe.loc...-...-to-select-values-by-their-entry-label."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>DataFrame.loc[..., ...]</code> to select values by their
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-dataframe-loc--------to-select-values-by-their-entry-label-">Use <code>DataFrame.loc[..., ...]</code> to select values by their
 (entry) label.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.loc...-...-to-select-values-by-their-entry-label."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe-loc--------to-select-values-by-their-entry-label-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Can specify location by row and/or column name.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -542,8 +542,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">1601.056136</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>:</code> on its own to mean all columns or all rows.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows-">Use <code>:</code> on its own to mean all columns or all rows.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Just like Python’s usual slicing notation.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -593,9 +593,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>Also get the same result printing <code>data.gdpPercap_1952</code>
 (not recommended, because easily confused with <code>.</code> notation
 for methods)</li>
-</ul></section><section id="select-multiple-columns-or-rows-using-dataframe.loc-and-a-named-slice."><h2 class="section-heading">Select multiple columns or rows using <code>DataFrame.loc</code> and
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="select-multiple-columns-or-rows-using-dataframe-loc-and-a-named-slice-">Select multiple columns or rows using <code>DataFrame.loc</code> and
 a named slice.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-multiple-columns-or-rows-using-dataframe.loc-and-a-named-slice."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-multiple-columns-or-rows-using-dataframe-loc-and-a-named-slice-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -616,8 +616,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>loc</code> is inclusive at both ends</strong>, which differs from
 <strong>slicing using <code>iloc</code></strong>, where slicing
 indicates everything up to but not including the final index.</p>
-</section><section id="result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations."><h2 class="section-heading">Result of slicing can be used in further operations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations-">Result of slicing can be used in further operations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Usually don’t just print a slice.</li>
 <li>All the statistical operators that work on entire dataframes work
 the same way on slices.</li>
@@ -648,8 +648,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 gdpPercap_1972    7778.414017
 dtype: float64</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value."><h2 class="section-heading">Use comparisons to select data based on value.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value-">Use comparisons to select data based on value.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Comparison is applied element by element.</li>
 <li>Returns a similarly-shaped dataframe of <code>True</code> and
 <code>False</code>.</li>
@@ -684,8 +684,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Norway                True           True           True
 Poland               False          False          False</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask."><h2 class="section-heading">Select values or NaN using a Boolean mask.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask-">Select values or NaN using a Boolean mask.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>A frame full of Booleans is sometimes called a <em>mask</em> because
 of how it can be used.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
@@ -727,8 +727,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 75%      13285.513523    15862.563915    18879.900590
 max      13450.401510    16361.876470    18965.055510</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="group-by-split-apply-combine"><h2 class="section-heading">Group By: split-apply-combine<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#group-by-split-apply-combine"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="group-by-split-apply-combine">Group By: split-apply-combine<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#group-by-split-apply-combine"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#group-by-split-apply-combine"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Pandas vectorizing methods and grouping operations are features that
 provide users much flexibility to analyse their data.</p>
 <p>For instance, let’s say we want to have a clearer view on how the
@@ -795,21 +795,21 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>          gdpPercap_1952  gdpPercap_1957  gdpPercap_1962  gdpPercap_1967  \
-0.000000    36916.854200    46110.918793    56850.065437    71324.848786   
-0.333333    16790.046878    20942.456800    25744.935321    33567.667670   
-0.500000    11807.544405    14505.000150    18380.449470    21421.846200   
-1.000000   104317.277560   127332.008735   149989.154201   178000.350040   
+0.000000    36916.854200    46110.918793    56850.065437    71324.848786
+0.333333    16790.046878    20942.456800    25744.935321    33567.667670
+0.500000    11807.544405    14505.000150    18380.449470    21421.846200
+1.000000   104317.277560   127332.008735   149989.154201   178000.350040
 
           gdpPercap_1972  gdpPercap_1977  gdpPercap_1982  gdpPercap_1987  \
-0.000000    88569.346898   104459.358438   113553.768507   119649.599409   
-0.333333    45277.839976    53860.456750    59679.634020    64436.912960   
-0.500000    25377.727380    29056.145370    31914.712050    35517.678220   
-1.000000   215162.343140   241143.412730   263388.781960   296825.131210   
-
-          gdpPercap_1992  gdpPercap_1997  gdpPercap_2002  gdpPercap_2007  
-0.000000    92380.047256   103772.937598   118590.929863   149577.357928  
-0.333333    67918.093220    80876.051580   102086.795210   122803.729520  
-0.500000    36310.666080    40723.538700    45564.308390    51403.028210  
+0.000000    88569.346898   104459.358438   113553.768507   119649.599409
+0.333333    45277.839976    53860.456750    59679.634020    64436.912960
+0.500000    25377.727380    29056.145370    31914.712050    35517.678220
+1.000000   215162.343140   241143.412730   263388.781960   296825.131210
+
+          gdpPercap_1992  gdpPercap_1997  gdpPercap_2002  gdpPercap_2007
+0.000000    92380.047256   103772.937598   118590.929863   149577.357928
+0.333333    67918.093220    80876.051580   102086.795210   122803.729520
+0.500000    36310.666080    40723.538700    45564.308390    51403.028210
 1.000000   315238.235970   346930.926170   385109.939210   427850.333420</code></pre>
 </div>
 <div id="selection-of-individual-values" class="callout challenge">
@@ -890,7 +890,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>        gdpPercap_1952  gdpPercap_1957
-country                                
+country
 Albania     1601.056136     1942.284244
 Austria     6137.076492     8842.598030</code></pre>
 </div>
@@ -899,7 +899,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>        gdpPercap_1952  gdpPercap_1957  gdpPercap_1962
-country                                                
+country
 Albania     1601.056136     1942.284244     2312.888958
 Austria     6137.076492     8842.598030    10750.721110
 Belgium     8343.105127     9714.960623    10991.206760</code></pre>
@@ -1368,7 +1368,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Reading Tabular Data
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="09-plotting.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Plotting... 
+          Next: Plotting...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -1379,18 +1379,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
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+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/08-data-frames.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
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 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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@@ -1415,7 +1415,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/08-data-frames.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2023-08-29",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/09-plotting.html b/09-plotting.html
index c58494943..de29454ca 100644
--- a/09-plotting.html
+++ b/09-plotting.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
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           </ul></li>
       </div>
-      
+
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         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
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         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
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         <a href="01-run-quit.html">1. Running and Quitting</a>
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         <a href="04-built-in.html">4. Built-in Functions and Help</a>
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         <a href="06-libraries.html">6. Libraries</a>
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@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading8">
         <a href="07-reading-tabular.html">7. Reading Tabular Data into DataFrames</a>
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@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading9">
         <a href="08-data-frames.html">8. Pandas DataFrames</a>
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@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
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         <ul><li><a href="#matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python."></a><a href="https://matplotlib.org/" class="external-link"><code>matplotlib</code></a> is the
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
 <li><a href="#can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together.">Can plot many sets of data together.</a></li>
         </ul></div><!--/div.accordion-body-->
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         <a href="10-lunch.html">10. Lunch</a>
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     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading12">
         <a href="11-lists.html">11. Lists</a>
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     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading13">
         <a href="12-for-loops.html">12. For Loops</a>
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         <a href="13-conditionals.html">13. Conditionals</a>
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         <a href="14-looping-data-sets.html">14. Looping Over Data Sets</a>
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         <a href="15-coffee.html">15. Afternoon Coffee</a>
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         <a href="20-feedback.html">20. Feedback</a>
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@@ -420,10 +420,10 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
               </div>
             </div>
             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
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             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
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@@ -444,18 +444,18 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
           Previous: Pandas DataFrames
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="10-lunch.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Lunch... 
+          Next: Lunch...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Plotting</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2024-03-17 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/09-plotting.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
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+
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           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -486,10 +486,10 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python."><h2 class="section-heading">
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python-">
 <a href="https://matplotlib.org/" class="external-link"><code>matplotlib</code></a> is the
 most widely used scientific plotting library in Python.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Commonly use a sub-library called <a href="https://matplotlib.org/stable/tutorials/introductory/pyplot.html" class="external-link"><code>matplotlib.pyplot</code></a>.</li>
 <li>The Jupyter Notebook will render plots inline by default.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
@@ -533,8 +533,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe."><h2 class="section-heading">Plot data directly from a <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.html" class="external-link"><code>Pandas dataframe</code></a>.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe-">Plot data directly from a <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.html" class="external-link"><code>Pandas dataframe</code></a>.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>We can also plot <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.DataFrame.html" class="external-link">Pandas
 dataframes</a>.</li>
 <li>Before plotting, we convert the column headings from a
@@ -565,8 +565,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb4-16"><a href="#cb4-16" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb4-17"><a href="#cb4-17" tabindex="-1"></a>data.loc[<span class="st">'Australia'</span>].plot()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="fig/9_gdp_australia.svg" alt="GDP plot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section id="select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it."><h2 class="section-heading">Select and transform data, then plot it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it."></a>
-</h2>
+<figure><img src="fig/9_gdp_australia.svg" alt="GDP plot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it-">Select and transform data, then plot it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>By default, <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.DataFrame.plot.html#pandas.DataFrame.plot" class="external-link"><code>DataFrame.plot</code></a>
 plots with the rows as the X axis.</li>
 <li>We can transpose the data in order to plot multiple series.</li>
@@ -576,8 +576,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a>data.T.plot()</span>
 <span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" tabindex="-1"></a>plt.ylabel(<span class="st">'GDP per capita'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="fig/9_gdp_australia_nz.svg" alt="GDP plot for Australia and New Zealand" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section id="many-styles-of-plot-are-available."><h2 class="section-heading">Many styles of plot are available.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#many-styles-of-plot-are-available."></a>
-</h2>
+<figure><img src="fig/9_gdp_australia_nz.svg" alt="GDP plot for Australia and New Zealand" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="many-styles-of-plot-are-available-">Many styles of plot are available.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#many-styles-of-plot-are-available."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#many-styles-of-plot-are-available-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>For example, do a bar plot using a fancier style.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -586,16 +586,16 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" tabindex="-1"></a>data.T.plot(kind<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'bar'</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" tabindex="-1"></a>plt.ylabel(<span class="st">'GDP per capita'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="fig/9_gdp_bar.svg" alt="GDP barplot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section id="data-can-also-be-plotted-by-calling-the-matplotlib-plot-function-directly."><h2 class="section-heading">Data can also be plotted by calling the <code>matplotlib</code>
+<figure><img src="fig/9_gdp_bar.svg" alt="GDP barplot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="data-can-also-be-plotted-by-calling-the-matplotlib-plot-function-directly-">Data can also be plotted by calling the <code>matplotlib</code>
 <code>plot</code> function directly.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#data-can-also-be-plotted-by-calling-the-matplotlib-plot-function-directly."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#data-can-also-be-plotted-by-calling-the-matplotlib-plot-function-directly-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>The command is <code>plt.plot(x, y)</code>
 </li>
 <li>The color and format of markers can also be specified as an
 additional optional argument e.g., <code>b-</code> is a blue line,
 <code>g--</code> is a green dashed line.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="get-australia-data-from-dataframe"><h2 class="section-heading">Get Australia data from dataframe<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#get-australia-data-from-dataframe"></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="get-australia-data-from-dataframe">Get Australia data from dataframe<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#get-australia-data-from-dataframe"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#get-australia-data-from-dataframe"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -604,8 +604,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" tabindex="-1"></a>plt.plot(years, gdp_australia, <span class="st">'g--'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="fig/9_gdp_australia_formatted.svg" alt="GDP formatted plot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section id="can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together."><h2 class="section-heading">Can plot many sets of data together.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together."></a>
-</h2>
+<figure><img src="fig/9_gdp_australia_formatted.svg" alt="GDP formatted plot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together-">Can plot many sets of data together.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
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@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Correlations<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <figure><img src="fig/9_correlations_solution2.png" alt="Correlations Solution 2" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Seems the variability in this value is due to a sharp drop after
 1972. Some geopolitics at play perhaps? Given the dominance of oil
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <figure><img src="fig/9_more_correlations_solution.svg" alt="More Correlations Solution" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>A good place to look is the documentation for the plot function -
 help(data_all.plot).</p>
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Pandas DataFrames
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="10-lunch.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Lunch... 
+          Next: Lunch...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -939,18 +939,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
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+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/09-plotting.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
@@ -975,7 +975,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/09-plotting.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2024-03-17",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/10-lunch.html b/10-lunch.html
index 0508d76c3..92f33d444 100644
--- a/10-lunch.html
+++ b/10-lunch.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
             </li>
           </ul></li>
       </div>
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+
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         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
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         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
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         <a href="01-run-quit.html">1. Running and Quitting</a>
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         <a href="02-variables.html">2. Variables and Assignment</a>
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         <a href="04-built-in.html">4. Built-in Functions and Help</a>
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         <a href="05-coffee.html">5. Morning Coffee</a>
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         <a href="07-reading-tabular.html">7. Reading Tabular Data into DataFrames</a>
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         <a href="08-data-frames.html">8. Pandas DataFrames</a>
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             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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           Previous: Plotting
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="11-lists.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Lists... 
+          Next: Lists...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
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       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Lunch</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/10-lunch.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ <h1>Lunch</h1>
           Previous: Plotting
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="11-lists.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Lists... 
+          Next: Lists...
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@@ -477,18 +477,18 @@ <h1>Lunch</h1>
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/10-lunch.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
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@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ <h1>Lunch</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/10-lunch.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2023-05-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
   </script><script>
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           Previous: Lunch
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="12-for-loops.html" rel="next">
-          Next: For Loops... 
+          Next: For Loops...
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         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Lists</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-07-24 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/11-lists.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
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           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -486,8 +486,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure."><h2 class="section-heading">A list stores many values in a single structure.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure."></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure-">A list stores many values in a single structure.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Doing calculations with a hundred variables called
 <code>pressure_001</code>, <code>pressure_002</code>, etc., would be at
 least as slow as doing them by hand.</li>
@@ -509,8 +509,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>pressures: [0.273, 0.275, 0.277, 0.275, 0.276]
 length: 5</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list."><h2 class="section-heading">Use an item’s index to fetch it from a list.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list-">Use an item’s index to fetch it from a list.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Just like strings.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -524,8 +524,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>zeroth item of pressures: 0.273
 fourth item of pressures: 0.276</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them."><h2 class="section-heading">Lists’ values can be replaced by assigning to them.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them-">Lists’ values can be replaced by assigning to them.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Use an index expression on the left of assignment to replace a
 value.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -539,8 +539,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>pressures is now: [0.265, 0.275, 0.277, 0.275, 0.276]</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it."><h2 class="section-heading">Appending items to a list lengthens it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it-">Appending items to a list lengthens it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Use <code>list_name.append</code> to add items to the end of a
 list.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
@@ -592,8 +592,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 the list, appending a list to a list means the last element in
 <code>primes</code> will itself be a list, not an integer. Lists can
 contain values of any type; therefore, lists of lists are possible.</p>
-</section><section id="use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>del</code> to remove items from a list entirely.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely-">Use <code>del</code> to remove items from a list entirely.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>We use <code>del list_name[index]</code> to remove an element from a
 list (in the example, 9 is not a prime number) and thus shorten it.</li>
 <li>
@@ -613,24 +613,24 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>primes before removing last item: [2, 3, 5, 7, 9]
 primes after removing last item: [2, 3, 5, 7]</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-empty-list-contains-no-values."><h2 class="section-heading">The empty list contains no values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-empty-list-contains-no-values."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-empty-list-contains-no-values-">The empty list contains no values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-empty-list-contains-no-values."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-empty-list-contains-no-values-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Use <code>[]</code> on its own to represent a list that doesn’t
 contain any values.
 <ul><li>“The zero of lists.”</li>
 </ul></li>
 <li>Helpful as a starting point for collecting values (which we will see
 in the <a href="12-for-loops.html">next episode</a>).</li>
-</ul></section><section id="lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types."><h2 class="section-heading">Lists may contain values of different types.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types."></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types-">Lists may contain values of different types.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>A single list may contain numbers, strings, and anything else.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1" tabindex="-1"></a>goals <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="st">'Create lists.'</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="st">'Extract items from lists.'</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="st">'Modify lists.'</span>]</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists."><h2 class="section-heading">Character strings can be indexed like lists.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists-">Character strings can be indexed like lists.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Get single characters from a character string using indexes in
 square brackets.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
@@ -646,8 +646,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>zeroth character: c
 third character: b</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="character-strings-are-immutable."><h2 class="section-heading">Character strings are immutable.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-are-immutable."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="character-strings-are-immutable-">Character strings are immutable.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-are-immutable."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-are-immutable-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Cannot change the characters in a string after it has been created.
 <ul><li>
 <em>Immutable</em>: can’t be changed after creation.</li>
@@ -667,8 +667,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 <pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment</code></pre>
 </div>
 <ul><li>Lists and character strings are both <em>collections</em>.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error."><h2 class="section-heading">Indexing beyond the end of the collection is an error.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error."></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error-">Indexing beyond the end of the collection is an error.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Python reports an <code>IndexError</code> if we attempt to access a
 value that doesn’t exist.
 <ul><li>This is a kind of <a href="04-built-in.html">runtime error</a>.</li>
@@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Lunch
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="12-for-loops.html" rel="next">
-          Next: For Loops... 
+          Next: For Loops...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
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       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
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   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/11-lists.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
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         <h1>For Loops</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/12-for-loops.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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 </div>
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 </div>
-<section id="a-for-loop-executes-commands-once-for-each-value-in-a-collection."><h2 class="section-heading">A <em>for loop</em> executes commands once for each value in a
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-for-loop-executes-commands-once-for-each-value-in-a-collection-">A <em>for loop</em> executes commands once for each value in a
 collection.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-for-loop-executes-commands-once-for-each-value-in-a-collection."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-for-loop-executes-commands-once-for-each-value-in-a-collection-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Doing calculations on the values in a list one by one is as painful
 as working with <code>pressure_001</code>, <code>pressure_002</code>,
 etc.</li>
@@ -519,9 +519,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span><span class="fl">3</span></span>
 <span><span class="fl">5</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="a-for-loop-is-made-up-of-a-collection-a-loop-variable-and-a-body."><h2 class="section-heading">A <code>for</code> loop is made up of a collection, a loop variable,
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-for-loop-is-made-up-of-a-collection-a-loop-variable-and-a-body-">A <code>for</code> loop is made up of a collection, a loop variable,
 and a body.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-for-loop-is-made-up-of-a-collection-a-loop-variable-and-a-body."></a>
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 <em>iteration</em> of the loop.
 <ul><li>The “current thing”.</li>
 </ul></li>
-</ul></section><section id="the-first-line-of-the-for-loop-must-end-with-a-colon-and-the-body-must-be-indented."><h2 class="section-heading">The first line of the <code>for</code> loop must end with a colon,
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-first-line-of-the-for-loop-must-end-with-a-colon-and-the-body-must-be-indented-">The first line of the <code>for</code> loop must end with a colon,
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 <li>Python uses indentation rather than <code>{}</code> or
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 <ul><li>Created on demand.</li>
 <li>Meaningless: their names can be anything at all.</li>
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 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> kitten <span class="kw">in</span> [<span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>]:</span>
 <span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="bu">print</span>(kitten)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-body-of-a-loop-can-contain-many-statements."><h2 class="section-heading">The body of a loop can contain many statements.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-body-of-a-loop-can-contain-many-statements."></a>
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>But no loop should be more than a few lines long.</li>
 <li>Hard for human beings to keep larger chunks of code in mind.</li>
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@@ -606,8 +606,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 3 9 27
 5 25 125</code></pre>
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-range-to-iterate-over-a-sequence-of-numbers-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>The built-in function <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#range" class="external-link"><code>range</code></a>
 produces a sequence of numbers.
 <ul><li>
@@ -634,8 +634,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 1
 2</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-accumulator-pattern-turns-many-values-into-one."><h2 class="section-heading">The Accumulator pattern turns many values into one.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-accumulator-pattern-turns-many-values-into-one."></a>
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-accumulator-pattern-turns-many-values-into-one-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>A common pattern in programs is to:
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Initialize an <em>accumulator</em> variable to zero, the empty
 string, or the empty list.</li>
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       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
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   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/12-for-loops.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2023-05-02",
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 }
 
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         <h1>Conditionals</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2024-02-16 |
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-<section id="use-if-statements-to-control-whether-or-not-a-block-of-code-is-executed."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>if</code> statements to control whether or not a block of
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-if-statements-to-control-whether-or-not-a-block-of-code-is-executed-">Use <code>if</code> statements to control whether or not a block of
 code is executed.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-if-statements-to-control-whether-or-not-a-block-of-code-is-executed."></a>
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>An <code>if</code> statement (more properly called a
 <em>conditional</em> statement) controls whether some block of code is
 executed or not.</li>
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 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>3.54 is large</code></pre>
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-</section><section id="conditionals-are-often-used-inside-loops."><h2 class="section-heading">Conditionals are often used inside loops.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditionals-are-often-used-inside-loops."></a>
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditionals-are-often-used-inside-loops-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Not much point using a conditional when we know the value (as
 above).</li>
 <li>But useful when we have a collection to process.</li>
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 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>3.54 is large
 9.22 is large</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-else-to-execute-a-block-of-code-when-an-if-condition-is-not-true."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>else</code> to execute a block of code when an
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 <li>Allows us to specify an alternative to execute when the
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 1.86 is small
 1.71 is small</code></pre>
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-</section><section id="use-elif-to-specify-additional-tests."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>elif</code> to specify additional tests.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-elif-to-specify-additional-tests."></a>
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 1.86 is small
 1.71 is small</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="conditions-are-tested-once-in-order."><h2 class="section-heading">Conditions are tested once, in order.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditions-are-tested-once-in-order."></a>
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditions-are-tested-once-in-order-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Python steps through the branches of the conditional in order,
 testing each in turn.</li>
 <li>So ordering matters.</li>
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 moving too slow
 final velocity: 30.0</code></pre>
 </div>
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         <h1>Looping Over Data Sets</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
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 gdpPercap_2007    944
 dtype: float64</code></pre>
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+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-glob-glob-to-find-sets-of-files-whose-names-match-a-pattern-">Use <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/glob.html#glob.glob" class="external-link"><code>glob.glob</code></a>
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
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   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/14-looping-data-sets.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
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         <h1>Afternoon Coffee</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
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 <hr class="half-width"><p>Over break, reflect on and discuss the following:</p>
 <ul><li>A common refrain in software engineering is “Don’t Repeat Yourself”.
 How do the techniques we’ve learned in the last lessons help us avoid
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@@ -489,18 +489,18 @@ <h1>Afternoon Coffee</h1>
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         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
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@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ <h1>Afternoon Coffee</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/15-coffee.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2023-05-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
   </script><script>
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-          Next: Variable Scope... 
+          Next: Variable Scope...
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       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Writing Functions</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2024-06-13 |
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/16-writing-functions.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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@@ -486,9 +486,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
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 </div>
-<section id="break-programs-down-into-functions-to-make-them-easier-to-understand."><h2 class="section-heading">Break programs down into functions to make them easier to
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="break-programs-down-into-functions-to-make-them-easier-to-understand-">Break programs down into functions to make them easier to
 understand.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#break-programs-down-into-functions-to-make-them-easier-to-understand."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#break-programs-down-into-functions-to-make-them-easier-to-understand-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Human beings can only keep a few items in working memory at a
 time.</li>
 <li>Understand larger/more complicated ideas by understanding and
@@ -504,9 +504,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <li>Also enables <em>re-use</em>.
 <ul><li>Write one time, use many times.</li>
 </ul></li>
-</ul></section><section id="define-a-function-using-def-with-a-name-parameters-and-a-block-of-code."><h2 class="section-heading">Define a function using <code>def</code> with a name, parameters,
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="define-a-function-using-def-with-a-name-parameters-and-a-block-of-code-">Define a function using <code>def</code> with a name, parameters,
 and a block of code.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#define-a-function-using-def-with-a-name-parameters-and-a-block-of-code."></a>
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Begin the definition of a new function with <code>def</code>.</li>
 <li>Followed by the name of the function.
 <ul><li>Must obey the same rules as variable names.</li>
@@ -525,8 +525,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">'The weather is nice today.'</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">'Right?'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="defining-a-function-does-not-run-it."><h2 class="section-heading">Defining a function does not run it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#defining-a-function-does-not-run-it."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="defining-a-function-does-not-run-it-">Defining a function does not run it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#defining-a-function-does-not-run-it."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#defining-a-function-does-not-run-it-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Defining a function does not run it.
 <ul><li>Like assigning a value to a variable.</li>
 </ul></li>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>Hello!</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="arguments-in-a-function-call-are-matched-to-its-defined-parameters."><h2 class="section-heading">Arguments in a function call are matched to its defined
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="arguments-in-a-function-call-are-matched-to-its-defined-parameters-">Arguments in a function call are matched to its defined
 parameters.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#arguments-in-a-function-call-are-matched-to-its-defined-parameters."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#arguments-in-a-function-call-are-matched-to-its-defined-parameters-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Functions are most useful when they can operate on different
 data.</li>
 <li>Specify <em>parameters</em> when defining a function.
@@ -585,9 +585,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <ul><li>Via <a href="https://twitter.com/minisciencegirl/status/693486088963272705" class="external-link">Twitter</a>:
 <code>()</code> contains the ingredients for the function while the body
 contains the recipe.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="functions-may-return-a-result-to-their-caller-using-return."><h2 class="section-heading">Functions may return a result to their caller using
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="functions-may-return-a-result-to-their-caller-using-return-">Functions may return a result to their caller using
 <code>return</code>.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-return-a-result-to-their-caller-using-return."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-return-a-result-to-their-caller-using-return-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Use <code>return ...</code> to give a value back to the caller.</li>
 <li>May occur anywhere in the function.</li>
 <li>But functions are easier to understand if <code>return</code>
@@ -1324,7 +1324,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Afternoon Coffee
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="17-scope.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Variable Scope... 
+          Next: Variable Scope...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
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       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
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+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
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@@ -1371,7 +1371,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/16-writing-functions.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2024-06-13",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
   </script><script>
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         <h1>Variable Scope</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
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         <h1>Programming Style</h1>
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+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-assertions-to-check-for-internal-errors-">Use assertions to check for internal errors.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-assertions-to-check-for-internal-errors."></a>
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 <hr class="half-width"><p>If the first thing in a function is a character string that is not
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           Previous: Variable Scope
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-          Next: Wrap-Up... 
+          Next: Wrap-Up...
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         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/18-style.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
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 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
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         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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         <h1>Wrap-Up</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
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 sloppy your thinking is.” The same is true of programming: many things
 that seem obvious when we’re thinking about them turn out to be anything
 but when we have to explain them precisely.</p>
-<section id="python-supports-a-large-and-diverse-community-across-academia-and-industry."><h2 class="section-heading">Python supports a large and diverse community across academia and
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="python-supports-a-large-and-diverse-community-across-academia-and-industry-">Python supports a large and diverse community across academia and
 industry.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-supports-a-large-and-diverse-community-across-academia-and-industry."></a>
-</h2>
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li><p>The <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/" class="external-link">Python 3
 documentation</a> covers the core language and the standard
 library.</p></li>
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           Previous: Programming Style
         </a>
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         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/19-wrap.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
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       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
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         <p>
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
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 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
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         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
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   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
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         <h1>Licenses</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
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 <hr class="half-width"><p>All Carpentries (Software Carpentry, Data Carpentry, and Library
 Carpentry) instructional material is made available under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="external-link">Creative Commons
 Attribution license</a>. The following is a human-readable summary of
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 permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights
 such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the
 material.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="software"><h2 class="section-heading">Software<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#software"></a>
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#software"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Except where otherwise noted, the example programs and other software
 provided by The Carpentries are made available under the <a href="https://opensource.org" class="external-link">OSI</a>-approved <a href="https://opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.html" class="external-link">MIT
 license</a>.</p>
@@ -498,8 +498,8 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
 CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
 TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
 SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.</p>
-</section><section id="trademark"><h2 class="section-heading">Trademark<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#trademark"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="trademark">Trademark<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#trademark"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#trademark"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>“The Carpentries”, “Software Carpentry”, “Data Carpentry”, and
 “Library Carpentry” and their respective logos are registered trademarks
 of <a href="https://communityin.org/" class="external-link">Community Initiatives</a>.</p>
@@ -526,18 +526,18 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/LICENSE.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
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         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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 			</div>
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/LICENSE.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2023-05-02",
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+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
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             </div>
             <hr class="half-width resources">
 <a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none">
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 <section id="aio-01-run-quit"><p>Content from <a href="01-run-quit.html">Running and Quitting</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2024-04-15 |
-        
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/01-run-quit.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -594,7 +594,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </ul>
 <p>Each notebook contains one or more cells that contain code, text, or
 images.</p>
-<section id="getting-started-with-jupyterlab"><h2 class="section-heading">Getting Started with JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-started-with-jupyterlab"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="getting-started-with-jupyterlab">Getting Started with JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-started-with-jupyterlab"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-started-with-jupyterlab"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>JupyterLab is an application server with a web user interface from <a href="https://jupyter.org/" class="external-link">Project Jupyter</a> that enables one to work
@@ -638,7 +639,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">JupyterLab? What about Jupyter notebooks?<a class="anc
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="starting-jupyterlab"><h2 class="section-heading">Starting JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#starting-jupyterlab"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="starting-jupyterlab">Starting JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#starting-jupyterlab"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#starting-jupyterlab"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>You can start the JupyterLab server through the command line or
@@ -704,7 +706,8 @@ <h3 id="anaconda-navigator">Anaconda Navigator<a class="anchor" aria-label="anch
 <p align="center">
 <img alt="JupyterLab landing page" src="fig/0_jupyterlab_landing_page.png" width="750" class="figure"></p>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-jupyterlab-interface"><h2 class="section-heading">The JupyterLab Interface<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyterlab-interface"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-jupyterlab-interface">The JupyterLab Interface<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyterlab-interface"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyterlab-interface"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>JupyterLab has many features found in traditional integrated
@@ -806,7 +809,8 @@ <h3 id="main-work-area">Main Work Area<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 tab for the current activity is marked with a colored top border (blue
 by default).</p>
 </div>
-</section><section id="creating-a-python-script"><h2 class="section-heading">Creating a Python script<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-python-script"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="creating-a-python-script">Creating a Python script<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-python-script"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-python-script"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -827,7 +831,8 @@ <h3 id="main-work-area">Main Work Area<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 <li>This is convention, not a requirement.</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
-</ul></section><section id="creating-a-jupyter-notebook"><h2 class="section-heading">Creating a Jupyter Notebook<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-jupyter-notebook"></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="creating-a-jupyter-notebook">Creating a Jupyter Notebook<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-jupyter-notebook"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-jupyter-notebook"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>To open a new notebook click the Python 3 icon under the
@@ -891,7 +896,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Arranging Documents into Panels of Tabs<a class="ancho
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>After creating the necessary tabs, you can drag one of the tabs to
 the center of a panel to move the tab to the panel; next you can
@@ -917,7 +922,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Code vs. Text<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hr
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-notebook-has-command-and-edit-modes."><h2 class="section-heading">The Notebook has Command and Edit modes.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-notebook-has-command-and-edit-modes."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-notebook-has-command-and-edit-modes-">The Notebook has Command and Edit modes.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-notebook-has-command-and-edit-modes."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-notebook-has-command-and-edit-modes-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -961,7 +967,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Command Vs. Edit<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor"
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Command mode has a grey border and Edit mode has a blue border. Use
 <kbd>Esc</kbd> and <kbd>Return</kbd> to switch between modes. You need
@@ -1184,7 +1190,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Creating Lists in Markdown<a class="anchor" aria-label
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>This challenge integrates both the numbered list and bullet list.
 Note that the bullet list is indented 2 spaces so that it is inline with
@@ -1225,7 +1231,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Python returns the output of the last calculation.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
@@ -1267,7 +1273,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
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   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The Python code gets treated like Markdown text. The lines appear as
 if they are part of one contiguous paragraph. This could be useful to
@@ -1305,7 +1311,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Equations<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The notebook shows the equation as it would be rendered from LaTeX
 equation syntax. The dollar sign, <code>$</code>, is used to tell
@@ -1323,7 +1329,8 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="closing-jupyterlab"><h2 class="section-heading">Closing JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#closing-jupyterlab"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="closing-jupyterlab">Closing JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#closing-jupyterlab"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#closing-jupyterlab"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -1370,7 +1377,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-02-variables"><p>Content from <a href="02-variables.html">Variables and Assignment</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/02-variables.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -1403,7 +1410,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="use-variables-to-store-values."><h2 class="section-heading">Use variables to store values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-variables-to-store-values."></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-variables-to-store-values-">Use variables to store values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-variables-to-store-values."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-variables-to-store-values-"></a>
 </h2>
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 <ul>
@@ -1437,7 +1445,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a>first_name <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'Ahmed'</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </li>
-</ul></section><section id="use-print-to-display-values."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>print</code> to display values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-print-to-display-values."></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-print-to-display-values-">Use <code>print</code> to display values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-print-to-display-values."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-print-to-display-values-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -1468,7 +1477,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>print</code> automatically puts a single space between items
 to separate them.</li>
 <li>And wraps around to a new line at the end.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used."><h2 class="section-heading">Variables must be created before they are used.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used."></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used-">Variables must be created before they are used.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -1531,7 +1541,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="variables-can-be-used-in-calculations."><h2 class="section-heading">Variables can be used in calculations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-can-be-used-in-calculations."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="variables-can-be-used-in-calculations-">Variables can be used in calculations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-can-be-used-in-calculations."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-can-be-used-in-calculations-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -1553,7 +1564,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>Age in three years: 45</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string."><h2 class="section-heading">Use an index to get a single character from a string.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string-">Use an index to get a single character from a string.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -1582,7 +1594,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="va">h</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring."><h2 class="section-heading">Use a slice to get a substring.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring-">Use a slice to get a substring.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -1614,8 +1627,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="va">sod</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-the-built-in-function-len-to-find-the-length-of-a-string."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the built-in function <code>len</code> to find the length of a
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-built-in-function-len-to-find-the-length-of-a-string-">Use the built-in function <code>len</code> to find the length of a
 string.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-len-to-find-the-length-of-a-string."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-len-to-find-the-length-of-a-string-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
@@ -1631,7 +1645,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <ul>
 <li>Nested functions are evaluated from the inside out, like in
 mathematics.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="python-is-case-sensitive."><h2 class="section-heading">Python is case-sensitive.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-is-case-sensitive."></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="python-is-case-sensitive-">Python is case-sensitive.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-is-case-sensitive."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-is-case-sensitive-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -1639,7 +1654,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>Name</code> and <code>name</code> are different variables.</li>
 <li>There are conventions for using upper-case letters at the start of
 variable names so we will use lower-case letters for now.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="use-meaningful-variable-names."><h2 class="section-heading">Use meaningful variable names.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-meaningful-variable-names."></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-meaningful-variable-names-">Use meaningful variable names.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-meaningful-variable-names."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-meaningful-variable-names-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -1686,7 +1702,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1731,7 +1747,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1771,7 +1787,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Numbers are not strings or sequences and Python will raise an error
 if you try to perform an index operation on a number. In the <a href="03-types-conversion.html">next lesson on types and type
@@ -1829,7 +1845,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Choosing a Name<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" h
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p><code>minutes</code> is better because <code>min</code> might mean
 something like “minimum” (and actually is an existing built-in function
@@ -1861,7 +1877,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1911,7 +1927,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution6">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6"> Solutions </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>
@@ -1973,7 +1989,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-03-types-conversion"><p>Content from <a href="03-types-conversion.html">Data Types and Type Conversion</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/03-types-conversion.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -2008,7 +2024,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="every-value-has-a-type."><h2 class="section-heading">Every value has a type.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-value-has-a-type."></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="every-value-has-a-type-">Every value has a type.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-value-has-a-type."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-value-has-a-type-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2024,8 +2041,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <li>The quote marks aren’t printed when the string is displayed.</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
-</ul></section><section id="use-the-built-in-function-type-to-find-the-type-of-a-value."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the built-in function <code>type</code> to find the type of a
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-built-in-function-type-to-find-the-type-of-a-value-">Use the built-in function <code>type</code> to find the type of a
 value.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-type-to-find-the-type-of-a-value."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-type-to-find-the-type-of-a-value-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2059,8 +2077,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>&lt;class 'str'&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="types-control-what-operations-or-methods-can-be-performed-on-a-given-value."><h2 class="section-heading">Types control what operations (or methods) can be performed on a
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="types-control-what-operations-or-methods-can-be-performed-on-a-given-value-">Types control what operations (or methods) can be performed on a
 given value.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#types-control-what-operations-or-methods-can-be-performed-on-a-given-value."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#types-control-what-operations-or-methods-can-be-performed-on-a-given-value-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2091,7 +2110,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 
 TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'str' and 'str'</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="you-can-use-the-and-operators-on-strings."><h2 class="section-heading">You can use the “+” and “*” operators on strings.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#you-can-use-the-and-operators-on-strings."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="you-can-use-the-and-operators-on-strings-">You can use the “+” and “*” operators on strings.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#you-can-use-the-and-operators-on-strings."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#you-can-use-the-and-operators-on-strings-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2128,7 +2148,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>==========</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="strings-have-a-length-but-numbers-dont."><h2 class="section-heading">Strings have a length (but numbers don’t).<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#strings-have-a-length-but-numbers-dont."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="strings-have-a-length-but-numbers-dont-">Strings have a length (but numbers don’t).<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#strings-have-a-length-but-numbers-dont."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#strings-have-a-length-but-numbers-dont-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2163,8 +2184,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 
 TypeError: object of type 'int' has no len()</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="convert-numbers-and-strings"><h2 class="section-heading">Must convert numbers to strings or vice versa when operating on
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="convert-numbers-and-strings">Must convert numbers to strings or vice versa when operating on
 them.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convert-numbers-and-strings"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convert-numbers-and-strings"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2203,7 +2225,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">3</span></span>
 <span><span class="fl">12</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="can-mix-integers-and-floats-freely-in-operations."><h2 class="section-heading">Can mix integers and floats freely in operations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-mix-integers-and-floats-freely-in-operations."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="can-mix-integers-and-floats-freely-in-operations-">Can mix integers and floats freely in operations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-mix-integers-and-floats-freely-in-operations."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-mix-integers-and-floats-freely-in-operations-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2225,7 +2248,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>half is 0.5
 three squared is 9.0</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="variables-only-change-value-when-something-is-assigned-to-them."><h2 class="section-heading">Variables only change value when something is assigned to them.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-only-change-value-when-something-is-assigned-to-them."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="variables-only-change-value-when-something-is-assigned-to-them-">Variables only change value when something is assigned to them.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-only-change-value-when-something-is-assigned-to-them."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-only-change-value-when-something-is-assigned-to-them-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2662,7 +2686,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-04-built-in"><p>Content from <a href="04-built-in.html">Built-in Functions and Help</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/04-built-in.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -2699,7 +2723,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs."><h2 class="section-heading">Use comments to add documentation to programs.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs."></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs-">Use comments to add documentation to programs.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
@@ -2708,7 +2733,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># This sentence isn't executed by Python.</span></span>
 <span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a>adjustment <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">0.5</span>   <span class="co"># Neither is this - anything after '#' is ignored.</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments."><h2 class="section-heading">A function may take zero or more arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments-">A function may take zero or more arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2744,7 +2770,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span></span>
 <span><span class="va">after</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="every-function-returns-something."><h2 class="section-heading">Every function returns something.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-function-returns-something."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="every-function-returns-something-">Every function returns something.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-function-returns-something."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-function-returns-something-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2765,8 +2792,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>example
 result of print is None</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="commonly-used-built-in-functions-include-max-min-and-round."><h2 class="section-heading">Commonly-used built-in functions include <code>max</code>,
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="commonly-used-built-in-functions-include-max-min-and-round-">Commonly-used built-in functions include <code>max</code>,
 <code>min</code>, and <code>round</code>.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#commonly-used-built-in-functions-include-max-min-and-round."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#commonly-used-built-in-functions-include-max-min-and-round-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2791,8 +2819,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">3</span></span>
 <span><span class="fl">0</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="functions-may-only-work-for-certain-combinations-of-arguments."><h2 class="section-heading">Functions may only work for certain (combinations of)
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="functions-may-only-work-for-certain-combinations-of-arguments-">Functions may only work for certain (combinations of)
 arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-only-work-for-certain-combinations-of-arguments."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-only-work-for-certain-combinations-of-arguments-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2820,7 +2849,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 
 TypeError: '&gt;' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments."><h2 class="section-heading">Functions may have default values for some arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments-">Functions may have default values for some arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2851,7 +2881,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">3.7</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods"><h2 class="section-heading">Functions attached to objects are called methods<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods">Functions attached to objects are called methods<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2899,8 +2930,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 HELLO WORLD
 True</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-the-built-in-function-help-to-get-help-for-a-function."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the built-in function <code>help</code> to get help for a
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-built-in-function-help-to-get-help-for-a-function-">Use the built-in function <code>help</code> to get help for a
 function.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-help-to-get-help-for-a-function."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-help-to-get-help-for-a-function-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2918,11 +2950,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 
 round(number, ndigits=None)
     Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits.
-    
+
     The return value is an integer if ndigits is omitted or None.  Otherwise
     the return value has the same type as the number.  ndigits may be negative.</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help."><h2 class="section-heading">The Jupyter Notebook has two ways to get help.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help-">The Jupyter Notebook has two ways to get help.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2935,8 +2968,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </li>
 <li>Option 2: Type the function name in a cell with a question mark
 after it. Then run the cell.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="python-reports-a-syntax-error-when-it-cant-understand-the-source-of-a-program."><h2 class="section-heading">Python reports a syntax error when it can’t understand the source of
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="python-reports-a-syntax-error-when-it-cant-understand-the-source-of-a-program-">Python reports a syntax error when it can’t understand the source of
 a program.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-reports-a-syntax-error-when-it-cant-understand-the-source-of-a-program."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-reports-a-syntax-error-when-it-cant-understand-the-source-of-a-program-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2999,8 +3033,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 occurred in cell 6 of our Notebook.</li>
 <li>Next is the problematic line of code, indicating the problem with a
 <code>^</code> pointer.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="runtime-error"><h2 class="section-heading">Python reports a runtime error when something goes wrong while a
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="runtime-error">Python reports a runtime error when something goes wrong while a
 program is executing.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#runtime-error"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#runtime-error"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
@@ -3255,12 +3290,13 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-05-coffee"><p>Content from <a href="05-coffee.html">Morning Coffee</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/05-coffee.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<section id="reflection-exercise"><h2 class="section-heading">Reflection exercise<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reflection-exercise"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="reflection-exercise">Reflection exercise<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reflection-exercise"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reflection-exercise"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Over coffee, reflect on and discuss the following:</p>
@@ -3273,7 +3309,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></section></section><section id="aio-06-libraries"><p>Content from <a href="06-libraries.html">Libraries</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/06-libraries.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -3309,8 +3345,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="most-of-the-power-of-a-programming-language-is-in-its-libraries."><h2 class="section-heading">Most of the power of a programming language is in its
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="most-of-the-power-of-a-programming-language-is-in-its-libraries-">Most of the power of a programming language is in its
 libraries.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#most-of-the-power-of-a-programming-language-is-in-its-libraries."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#most-of-the-power-of-a-programming-language-is-in-its-libraries-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -3344,7 +3381,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Libraries and modules<a class="anchor" aria-label="anc
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="a-program-must-import-a-library-module-before-using-it."><h2 class="section-heading">A program must import a library module before using it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-program-must-import-a-library-module-before-using-it."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-program-must-import-a-library-module-before-using-it-">A program must import a library module before using it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-program-must-import-a-library-module-before-using-it."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-program-must-import-a-library-module-before-using-it-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -3382,8 +3420,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>math</code>.</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
-</ul></section><section id="use-help-to-learn-about-the-contents-of-a-library-module."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>help</code> to learn about the contents of a library
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-help-to-learn-about-the-contents-of-a-library-module-">Use <code>help</code> to learn about the contents of a library
 module.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-help-to-learn-about-the-contents-of-a-library-module."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-help-to-learn-about-the-contents-of-a-library-module-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -3420,8 +3459,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
         Return the arc cosine (measured in radians) of x.
 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="import-specific-items-from-a-library-module-to-shorten-programs."><h2 class="section-heading">Import specific items from a library module to shorten
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="import-specific-items-from-a-library-module-to-shorten-programs-">Import specific items from a library module to shorten
 programs.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#import-specific-items-from-a-library-module-to-shorten-programs."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#import-specific-items-from-a-library-module-to-shorten-programs-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -3441,8 +3481,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>cos(pi) is -1.0</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="create-an-alias-for-a-library-module-when-importing-it-to-shorten-programs."><h2 class="section-heading">Create an alias for a library module when importing it to shorten
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="create-an-alias-for-a-library-module-when-importing-it-to-shorten-programs-">Create an alias for a library module when importing it to shorten
 programs.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#create-an-alias-for-a-library-module-when-importing-it-to-shorten-programs."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#create-an-alias-for-a-library-module-when-importing-it-to-shorten-programs-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -3912,7 +3953,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-07-reading-tabular"><p>Content from <a href="07-reading-tabular.html">Reading Tabular Data into DataFrames</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/07-reading-tabular.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -3944,7 +3985,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the Pandas library to do statistics on tabular data.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data."></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data-">Use the Pandas library to do statistics on tabular data.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4026,8 +4068,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-index_col-to-specify-that-a-columns-values-should-be-used-as-row-headings."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>index_col</code> to specify that a column’s values should
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-index_col-to-specify-that-a-columns-values-should-be-used-as-row-headings-">Use <code>index_col</code> to specify that a column’s values should
 be used as row headings.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-index_col-to-specify-that-a-columns-values-should-be-used-as-row-headings."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-index_col-to-specify-that-a-columns-values-should-be-used-as-row-headings-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4063,8 +4106,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Australia       23424.76683     26997.93657     30687.75473     34435.36744
 New Zealand     18363.32494     21050.41377     23189.80135     25185.00911</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-the-dataframe.info-method-to-find-out-more-about-a-dataframe."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the <code>DataFrame.info()</code> method to find out more about
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-dataframe-info-method-to-find-out-more-about-a-dataframe-">Use the <code>DataFrame.info()</code> method to find out more about
 a dataframe.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-dataframe.info-method-to-find-out-more-about-a-dataframe."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-dataframe-info-method-to-find-out-more-about-a-dataframe-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
@@ -4107,8 +4151,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li>Uses 208 bytes of memory.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="the-dataframe.columns-variable-stores-information-about-the-dataframes-columns."><h2 class="section-heading">The <code>DataFrame.columns</code> variable stores information about
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-dataframe-columns-variable-stores-information-about-the-dataframes-columns-">The <code>DataFrame.columns</code> variable stores information about
 the dataframe’s columns.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-dataframe.columns-variable-stores-information-about-the-dataframes-columns."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-dataframe-columns-variable-stores-information-about-the-dataframes-columns-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4134,7 +4179,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
        'gdpPercap_1992', 'gdpPercap_1997', 'gdpPercap_2002', 'gdpPercap_2007'],
       dtype='object')</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-dataframe.t-to-transpose-a-dataframe."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>DataFrame.T</code> to transpose a dataframe.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.t-to-transpose-a-dataframe."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-dataframe-t-to-transpose-a-dataframe-">Use <code>DataFrame.T</code> to transpose a dataframe.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.t-to-transpose-a-dataframe."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe-t-to-transpose-a-dataframe-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4165,8 +4211,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 gdpPercap_2002  30687.75473  23189.80135
 gdpPercap_2007  34435.36744  25185.00911</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-dataframe.describe-to-get-summary-statistics-about-data."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>DataFrame.describe()</code> to get summary statistics
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-dataframe-describe-to-get-summary-statistics-about-data-">Use <code>DataFrame.describe()</code> to get summary statistics
 about data.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.describe-to-get-summary-statistics-about-data."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe-describe-to-get-summary-statistics-about-data-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p><code>DataFrame.describe()</code> gets the summary statistics of only
@@ -4505,7 +4552,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-08-data-frames"><p>Content from <a href="08-data-frames.html">Pandas DataFrames</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-08-29 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/08-data-frames.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -4539,7 +4586,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="note-about-pandas-dataframesseries"><h2 class="section-heading">Note about Pandas DataFrames/Series<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#note-about-pandas-dataframesseries"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="note-about-pandas-dataframesseries">Note about Pandas DataFrames/Series<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#note-about-pandas-dataframesseries"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#note-about-pandas-dataframesseries"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>A <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.DataFrame.html" class="external-link">DataFrame</a>
@@ -4552,7 +4600,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <p>What makes Pandas so attractive is the powerful interface to access
 individual records of the table, proper handling of missing values, and
 relational-databases operations between DataFrames.</p>
-</section><section id="selecting-values"><h2 class="section-heading">Selecting values<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#selecting-values"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="selecting-values">Selecting values<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#selecting-values"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#selecting-values"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>To access a value at the position <code>[i,j]</code> of a DataFrame,
@@ -4561,8 +4610,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 identify the rows of the table; a row, then, has a <em>position</em>
 inside the table as well as a <em>label</em>, which uniquely identifies
 its <em>entry</em> in the DataFrame.</p>
-</section><section id="use-dataframe.iloc...-...-to-select-values-by-their-entry-position"><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>DataFrame.iloc[..., ...]</code> to select values by their
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-dataframe-iloc--------to-select-values-by-their-entry-position">Use <code>DataFrame.iloc[..., ...]</code> to select values by their
 (entry) position<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.iloc...-...-to-select-values-by-their-entry-position"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe-iloc--------to-select-values-by-their-entry-position"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4581,8 +4631,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">1601.056136</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-dataframe.loc...-...-to-select-values-by-their-entry-label."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>DataFrame.loc[..., ...]</code> to select values by their
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-dataframe-loc--------to-select-values-by-their-entry-label-">Use <code>DataFrame.loc[..., ...]</code> to select values by their
 (entry) label.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.loc...-...-to-select-values-by-their-entry-label."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe-loc--------to-select-values-by-their-entry-label-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4598,7 +4649,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">1601.056136</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>:</code> on its own to mean all columns or all rows.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows-">Use <code>:</code> on its own to mean all columns or all rows.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4655,8 +4707,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>Also get the same result printing <code>data.gdpPercap_1952</code>
 (not recommended, because easily confused with <code>.</code> notation
 for methods)</li>
-</ul></section><section id="select-multiple-columns-or-rows-using-dataframe.loc-and-a-named-slice."><h2 class="section-heading">Select multiple columns or rows using <code>DataFrame.loc</code> and
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="select-multiple-columns-or-rows-using-dataframe-loc-and-a-named-slice-">Select multiple columns or rows using <code>DataFrame.loc</code> and
 a named slice.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-multiple-columns-or-rows-using-dataframe.loc-and-a-named-slice."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-multiple-columns-or-rows-using-dataframe-loc-and-a-named-slice-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
@@ -4679,7 +4732,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>loc</code> is inclusive at both ends</strong>, which differs from
 <strong>slicing using <code>iloc</code></strong>, where slicing
 indicates everything up to but not including the final index.</p>
-</section><section id="result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations."><h2 class="section-heading">Result of slicing can be used in further operations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations-">Result of slicing can be used in further operations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4714,7 +4768,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 gdpPercap_1972    7778.414017
 dtype: float64</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value."><h2 class="section-heading">Use comparisons to select data based on value.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value-">Use comparisons to select data based on value.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4753,7 +4808,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Norway                True           True           True
 Poland               False          False          False</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask."><h2 class="section-heading">Select values or NaN using a Boolean mask.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask-">Select values or NaN using a Boolean mask.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4801,7 +4857,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 75%      13285.513523    15862.563915    18879.900590
 max      13450.401510    16361.876470    18965.055510</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="group-by-split-apply-combine"><h2 class="section-heading">Group By: split-apply-combine<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#group-by-split-apply-combine"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="group-by-split-apply-combine">Group By: split-apply-combine<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#group-by-split-apply-combine"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#group-by-split-apply-combine"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Pandas vectorizing methods and grouping operations are features that
@@ -4872,21 +4929,21 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>          gdpPercap_1952  gdpPercap_1957  gdpPercap_1962  gdpPercap_1967  \
-0.000000    36916.854200    46110.918793    56850.065437    71324.848786   
-0.333333    16790.046878    20942.456800    25744.935321    33567.667670   
-0.500000    11807.544405    14505.000150    18380.449470    21421.846200   
-1.000000   104317.277560   127332.008735   149989.154201   178000.350040   
+0.000000    36916.854200    46110.918793    56850.065437    71324.848786
+0.333333    16790.046878    20942.456800    25744.935321    33567.667670
+0.500000    11807.544405    14505.000150    18380.449470    21421.846200
+1.000000   104317.277560   127332.008735   149989.154201   178000.350040
 
           gdpPercap_1972  gdpPercap_1977  gdpPercap_1982  gdpPercap_1987  \
-0.000000    88569.346898   104459.358438   113553.768507   119649.599409   
-0.333333    45277.839976    53860.456750    59679.634020    64436.912960   
-0.500000    25377.727380    29056.145370    31914.712050    35517.678220   
-1.000000   215162.343140   241143.412730   263388.781960   296825.131210   
+0.000000    88569.346898   104459.358438   113553.768507   119649.599409
+0.333333    45277.839976    53860.456750    59679.634020    64436.912960
+0.500000    25377.727380    29056.145370    31914.712050    35517.678220
+1.000000   215162.343140   241143.412730   263388.781960   296825.131210
 
-          gdpPercap_1992  gdpPercap_1997  gdpPercap_2002  gdpPercap_2007  
-0.000000    92380.047256   103772.937598   118590.929863   149577.357928  
-0.333333    67918.093220    80876.051580   102086.795210   122803.729520  
-0.500000    36310.666080    40723.538700    45564.308390    51403.028210  
+          gdpPercap_1992  gdpPercap_1997  gdpPercap_2002  gdpPercap_2007
+0.000000    92380.047256   103772.937598   118590.929863   149577.357928
+0.333333    67918.093220    80876.051580   102086.795210   122803.729520
+0.500000    36310.666080    40723.538700    45564.308390    51403.028210
 1.000000   315238.235970   346930.926170   385109.939210   427850.333420</code></pre>
 </div>
 <div id="selection-of-individual-values" class="callout challenge">
@@ -4969,7 +5026,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>        gdpPercap_1952  gdpPercap_1957
-country                                
+country
 Albania     1601.056136     1942.284244
 Austria     6137.076492     8842.598030</code></pre>
 </div>
@@ -4978,7 +5035,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>        gdpPercap_1952  gdpPercap_1957  gdpPercap_1962
-country                                                
+country
 Albania     1601.056136     1942.284244     2312.888958
 Austria     6137.076492     8842.598030    10750.721110
 Belgium     8343.105127     9714.960623    10991.206760</code></pre>
@@ -5444,7 +5501,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-09-plotting"><p>Content from <a href="09-plotting.html">Plotting</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2024-03-17 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/09-plotting.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -5477,9 +5534,10 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python."><h2 class="section-heading">
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python-">
 <a href="https://matplotlib.org/" class="external-link"><code>matplotlib</code></a> is the
 most widely used scientific plotting library in Python.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -5529,7 +5587,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe."><h2 class="section-heading">Plot data directly from a <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.html" class="external-link"><code>Pandas dataframe</code></a>.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe-">Plot data directly from a <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.html" class="external-link"><code>Pandas dataframe</code></a>.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -5564,7 +5623,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb4-16"><a href="#cb4-16" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb4-17"><a href="#cb4-17" tabindex="-1"></a>data.loc[<span class="st">'Australia'</span>].plot()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="fig/9_gdp_australia.svg" alt="GDP plot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section id="select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it."><h2 class="section-heading">Select and transform data, then plot it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it."></a>
+<figure><img src="fig/9_gdp_australia.svg" alt="GDP plot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it-">Select and transform data, then plot it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -5578,7 +5638,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a>data.T.plot()</span>
 <span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" tabindex="-1"></a>plt.ylabel(<span class="st">'GDP per capita'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="fig/9_gdp_australia_nz.svg" alt="GDP plot for Australia and New Zealand" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section id="many-styles-of-plot-are-available."><h2 class="section-heading">Many styles of plot are available.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#many-styles-of-plot-are-available."></a>
+<figure><img src="fig/9_gdp_australia_nz.svg" alt="GDP plot for Australia and New Zealand" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="many-styles-of-plot-are-available-">Many styles of plot are available.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#many-styles-of-plot-are-available."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#many-styles-of-plot-are-available-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -5591,8 +5652,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" tabindex="-1"></a>data.T.plot(kind<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'bar'</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" tabindex="-1"></a>plt.ylabel(<span class="st">'GDP per capita'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="fig/9_gdp_bar.svg" alt="GDP barplot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section id="data-can-also-be-plotted-by-calling-the-matplotlib-plot-function-directly."><h2 class="section-heading">Data can also be plotted by calling the <code>matplotlib</code>
+<figure><img src="fig/9_gdp_bar.svg" alt="GDP barplot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="data-can-also-be-plotted-by-calling-the-matplotlib-plot-function-directly-">Data can also be plotted by calling the <code>matplotlib</code>
 <code>plot</code> function directly.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#data-can-also-be-plotted-by-calling-the-matplotlib-plot-function-directly."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#data-can-also-be-plotted-by-calling-the-matplotlib-plot-function-directly-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -5601,7 +5663,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>The color and format of markers can also be specified as an
 additional optional argument e.g., <code>b-</code> is a blue line,
 <code>g--</code> is a green dashed line.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="get-australia-data-from-dataframe"><h2 class="section-heading">Get Australia data from dataframe<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#get-australia-data-from-dataframe"></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="get-australia-data-from-dataframe">Get Australia data from dataframe<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#get-australia-data-from-dataframe"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#get-australia-data-from-dataframe"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
@@ -5612,7 +5675,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" tabindex="-1"></a>plt.plot(years, gdp_australia, <span class="st">'g--'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="fig/9_gdp_australia_formatted.svg" alt="GDP formatted plot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section id="can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together."><h2 class="section-heading">Can plot many sets of data together.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together."></a>
+<figure><img src="fig/9_gdp_australia_formatted.svg" alt="GDP formatted plot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together-">Can plot many sets of data together.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
@@ -5711,7 +5775,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -5747,7 +5811,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Correlations<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -5789,7 +5853,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <figure><img src="fig/9_correlations_solution2.png" alt="Correlations Solution 2" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Seems the variability in this value is due to a sharp drop after
 1972. Some geopolitics at play perhaps? Given the dominance of oil
@@ -5827,7 +5891,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <figure><img src="fig/9_more_correlations_solution.svg" alt="More Correlations Solution" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>A good place to look is the documentation for the plot function -
 help(data_all.plot).</p>
@@ -5939,7 +6003,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-10-lunch"><p>Content from <a href="10-lunch.html">Lunch</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/10-lunch.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -5955,7 +6019,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></section><section id="aio-11-lists"><p>Content from <a href="11-lists.html">Lists</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-07-24 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/11-lists.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -5987,7 +6051,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure."><h2 class="section-heading">A list stores many values in a single structure.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure."></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure-">A list stores many values in a single structure.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6015,7 +6080,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>pressures: [0.273, 0.275, 0.277, 0.275, 0.276]
 length: 5</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list."><h2 class="section-heading">Use an item’s index to fetch it from a list.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list-">Use an item’s index to fetch it from a list.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6033,7 +6099,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>zeroth item of pressures: 0.273
 fourth item of pressures: 0.276</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them."><h2 class="section-heading">Lists’ values can be replaced by assigning to them.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them-">Lists’ values can be replaced by assigning to them.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6051,7 +6118,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>pressures is now: [0.265, 0.275, 0.277, 0.275, 0.276]</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it."><h2 class="section-heading">Appending items to a list lengthens it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it-">Appending items to a list lengthens it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6115,7 +6183,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 the list, appending a list to a list means the last element in
 <code>primes</code> will itself be a list, not an integer. Lists can
 contain values of any type; therefore, lists of lists are possible.</p>
-</section><section id="use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>del</code> to remove items from a list entirely.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely-">Use <code>del</code> to remove items from a list entirely.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6139,7 +6208,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>primes before removing last item: [2, 3, 5, 7, 9]
 primes after removing last item: [2, 3, 5, 7]</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-empty-list-contains-no-values."><h2 class="section-heading">The empty list contains no values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-empty-list-contains-no-values."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-empty-list-contains-no-values-">The empty list contains no values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-empty-list-contains-no-values."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-empty-list-contains-no-values-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6151,7 +6221,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </li>
 <li>Helpful as a starting point for collecting values (which we will see
 in the <a href="12-for-loops.html">next episode</a>).</li>
-</ul></section><section id="lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types."><h2 class="section-heading">Lists may contain values of different types.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types."></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types-">Lists may contain values of different types.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6162,7 +6233,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1" tabindex="-1"></a>goals <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="st">'Create lists.'</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="st">'Extract items from lists.'</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="st">'Modify lists.'</span>]</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists."><h2 class="section-heading">Character strings can be indexed like lists.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists-">Character strings can be indexed like lists.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6182,7 +6254,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>zeroth character: c
 third character: b</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="character-strings-are-immutable."><h2 class="section-heading">Character strings are immutable.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-are-immutable."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="character-strings-are-immutable-">Character strings are immutable.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-are-immutable."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-are-immutable-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6209,7 +6282,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </div>
 <ul>
 <li>Lists and character strings are both <em>collections</em>.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error."><h2 class="section-heading">Indexing beyond the end of the collection is an error.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error."></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error-">Indexing beyond the end of the collection is an error.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6651,7 +6725,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-12-for-loops"><p>Content from <a href="12-for-loops.html">For Loops</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/12-for-loops.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -6685,8 +6759,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="a-for-loop-executes-commands-once-for-each-value-in-a-collection."><h2 class="section-heading">A <em>for loop</em> executes commands once for each value in a
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-for-loop-executes-commands-once-for-each-value-in-a-collection-">A <em>for loop</em> executes commands once for each value in a
 collection.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-for-loop-executes-commands-once-for-each-value-in-a-collection."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-for-loop-executes-commands-once-for-each-value-in-a-collection-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6723,8 +6798,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span><span class="fl">3</span></span>
 <span><span class="fl">5</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="a-for-loop-is-made-up-of-a-collection-a-loop-variable-and-a-body."><h2 class="section-heading">A <code>for</code> loop is made up of a collection, a loop variable,
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-for-loop-is-made-up-of-a-collection-a-loop-variable-and-a-body-">A <code>for</code> loop is made up of a collection, a loop variable,
 and a body.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-for-loop-is-made-up-of-a-collection-a-loop-variable-and-a-body."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-for-loop-is-made-up-of-a-collection-a-loop-variable-and-a-body-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
@@ -6744,8 +6820,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>The “current thing”.</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
-</ul></section><section id="the-first-line-of-the-for-loop-must-end-with-a-colon-and-the-body-must-be-indented."><h2 class="section-heading">The first line of the <code>for</code> loop must end with a colon,
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-first-line-of-the-for-loop-must-end-with-a-colon-and-the-body-must-be-indented-">The first line of the <code>for</code> loop must end with a colon,
 and the body must be indented.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-first-line-of-the-for-loop-must-end-with-a-colon-and-the-body-must-be-indented."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-first-line-of-the-for-loop-must-end-with-a-colon-and-the-body-must-be-indented-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6790,7 +6867,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 <ul>
 <li>This error can be fixed by removing the extra spaces at the
 beginning of the second line.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="loop-variables-can-be-called-anything."><h2 class="section-heading">Loop variables can be called anything.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#loop-variables-can-be-called-anything."></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="loop-variables-can-be-called-anything-">Loop variables can be called anything.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#loop-variables-can-be-called-anything."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#loop-variables-can-be-called-anything-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6807,7 +6885,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> kitten <span class="kw">in</span> [<span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>]:</span>
 <span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="bu">print</span>(kitten)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-body-of-a-loop-can-contain-many-statements."><h2 class="section-heading">The body of a loop can contain many statements.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-body-of-a-loop-can-contain-many-statements."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-body-of-a-loop-can-contain-many-statements-">The body of a loop can contain many statements.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-body-of-a-loop-can-contain-many-statements."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-body-of-a-loop-can-contain-many-statements-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6830,7 +6909,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 3 9 27
 5 25 125</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-range-to-iterate-over-a-sequence-of-numbers."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>range</code> to iterate over a sequence of numbers.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-range-to-iterate-over-a-sequence-of-numbers."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-range-to-iterate-over-a-sequence-of-numbers-">Use <code>range</code> to iterate over a sequence of numbers.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-range-to-iterate-over-a-sequence-of-numbers."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-range-to-iterate-over-a-sequence-of-numbers-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6865,7 +6945,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 1
 2</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-accumulator-pattern-turns-many-values-into-one."><h2 class="section-heading">The Accumulator pattern turns many values into one.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-accumulator-pattern-turns-many-values-into-one."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-accumulator-pattern-turns-many-values-into-one-">The Accumulator pattern turns many values into one.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-accumulator-pattern-turns-many-values-into-one."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-accumulator-pattern-turns-many-values-into-one-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -7380,7 +7461,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-13-conditionals"><p>Content from <a href="13-conditionals.html">Conditionals</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2024-02-16 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/13-conditionals.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -7413,8 +7494,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="use-if-statements-to-control-whether-or-not-a-block-of-code-is-executed."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>if</code> statements to control whether or not a block of
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-if-statements-to-control-whether-or-not-a-block-of-code-is-executed-">Use <code>if</code> statements to control whether or not a block of
 code is executed.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-if-statements-to-control-whether-or-not-a-block-of-code-is-executed."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-if-statements-to-control-whether-or-not-a-block-of-code-is-executed-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -7445,7 +7527,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>3.54 is large</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="conditionals-are-often-used-inside-loops."><h2 class="section-heading">Conditionals are often used inside loops.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditionals-are-often-used-inside-loops."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="conditionals-are-often-used-inside-loops-">Conditionals are often used inside loops.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditionals-are-often-used-inside-loops."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditionals-are-often-used-inside-loops-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -7467,8 +7550,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>3.54 is large
 9.22 is large</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-else-to-execute-a-block-of-code-when-an-if-condition-is-not-true."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>else</code> to execute a block of code when an
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-else-to-execute-a-block-of-code-when-an-if-condition-is-not-true-">Use <code>else</code> to execute a block of code when an
 <code>if</code> condition is <em>not</em> true.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-else-to-execute-a-block-of-code-when-an-if-condition-is-not-true."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-else-to-execute-a-block-of-code-when-an-if-condition-is-not-true-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -7496,7 +7580,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 1.86 is small
 1.71 is small</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-elif-to-specify-additional-tests."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>elif</code> to specify additional tests.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-elif-to-specify-additional-tests."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-elif-to-specify-additional-tests-">Use <code>elif</code> to specify additional tests.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-elif-to-specify-additional-tests."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-elif-to-specify-additional-tests-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -7529,7 +7614,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 1.86 is small
 1.71 is small</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="conditions-are-tested-once-in-order."><h2 class="section-heading">Conditions are tested once, in order.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditions-are-tested-once-in-order."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="conditions-are-tested-once-in-order-">Conditions are tested once, in order.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditions-are-tested-once-in-order."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditions-are-tested-once-in-order-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -7605,8 +7691,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 moving too slow
 final velocity: 30.0</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="create-a-table-showing-variables-values-to-trace-a-programs-execution."><h2 class="section-heading">Create a table showing variables’ values to trace a program’s
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="create-a-table-showing-variables-values-to-trace-a-programs-execution-">Create a table showing variables’ values to trace a program’s
 execution.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#create-a-table-showing-variables-values-to-trace-a-programs-execution."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#create-a-table-showing-variables-values-to-trace-a-programs-execution-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <table class="table">
@@ -7764,7 +7851,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -7811,7 +7898,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -7857,7 +7944,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -7906,7 +7993,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -7983,7 +8070,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-14-looping-data-sets"><p>Content from <a href="14-looping-data-sets.html">Looping Over Data Sets</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/14-looping-data-sets.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -8017,8 +8104,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="use-a-for-loop-to-process-files-given-a-list-of-their-names."><h2 class="section-heading">Use a <code>for</code> loop to process files given a list of their
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-a-for-loop-to-process-files-given-a-list-of-their-names-">Use a <code>for</code> loop to process files given a list of their
 names.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-for-loop-to-process-files-given-a-list-of-their-names."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-for-loop-to-process-files-given-a-list-of-their-names-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -8055,8 +8143,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 gdpPercap_2007    944
 dtype: float64</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-glob.glob-to-find-sets-of-files-whose-names-match-a-pattern."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/glob.html#glob.glob" class="external-link"><code>glob.glob</code></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-glob-glob-to-find-sets-of-files-whose-names-match-a-pattern-">Use <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/glob.html#glob.glob" class="external-link"><code>glob.glob</code></a>
 to find sets of files whose names match a pattern.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-glob.glob-to-find-sets-of-files-whose-names-match-a-pattern."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-glob-glob-to-find-sets-of-files-whose-names-match-a-pattern-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -8102,8 +8191,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>all PDB files: []</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-glob-and-for-to-process-batches-of-files."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>glob</code> and <code>for</code> to process batches of
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-glob-and-for-to-process-batches-of-files-">Use <code>glob</code> and <code>for</code> to process batches of
 files.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-glob-and-for-to-process-batches-of-files."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-glob-and-for-to-process-batches-of-files-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -8334,12 +8424,13 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-15-coffee"><p>Content from <a href="15-coffee.html">Afternoon Coffee</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/15-coffee.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<section id="reflection-exercise"><h2 class="section-heading">Reflection exercise<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reflection-exercise"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="reflection-exercise">Reflection exercise<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reflection-exercise"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reflection-exercise"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Over break, reflect on and discuss the following:</p>
@@ -8357,7 +8448,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></section></section><section id="aio-16-writing-functions"><p>Content from <a href="16-writing-functions.html">Writing Functions</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2024-06-13 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/16-writing-functions.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -8390,8 +8481,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="break-programs-down-into-functions-to-make-them-easier-to-understand."><h2 class="section-heading">Break programs down into functions to make them easier to
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="break-programs-down-into-functions-to-make-them-easier-to-understand-">Break programs down into functions to make them easier to
 understand.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#break-programs-down-into-functions-to-make-them-easier-to-understand."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#break-programs-down-into-functions-to-make-them-easier-to-understand-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -8416,8 +8508,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <li>Write one time, use many times.</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
-</ul></section><section id="define-a-function-using-def-with-a-name-parameters-and-a-block-of-code."><h2 class="section-heading">Define a function using <code>def</code> with a name, parameters,
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="define-a-function-using-def-with-a-name-parameters-and-a-block-of-code-">Define a function using <code>def</code> with a name, parameters,
 and a block of code.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#define-a-function-using-def-with-a-name-parameters-and-a-block-of-code."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#define-a-function-using-def-with-a-name-parameters-and-a-block-of-code-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -8444,7 +8537,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">'The weather is nice today.'</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">'Right?'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="defining-a-function-does-not-run-it."><h2 class="section-heading">Defining a function does not run it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#defining-a-function-does-not-run-it."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="defining-a-function-does-not-run-it-">Defining a function does not run it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#defining-a-function-does-not-run-it."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#defining-a-function-does-not-run-it-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -8465,8 +8559,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>Hello!</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="arguments-in-a-function-call-are-matched-to-its-defined-parameters."><h2 class="section-heading">Arguments in a function call are matched to its defined
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="arguments-in-a-function-call-are-matched-to-its-defined-parameters-">Arguments in a function call are matched to its defined
 parameters.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#arguments-in-a-function-call-are-matched-to-its-defined-parameters."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#arguments-in-a-function-call-are-matched-to-its-defined-parameters-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -8515,8 +8610,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>Via <a href="https://twitter.com/minisciencegirl/status/693486088963272705" class="external-link">Twitter</a>:
 <code>()</code> contains the ingredients for the function while the body
 contains the recipe.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="functions-may-return-a-result-to-their-caller-using-return."><h2 class="section-heading">Functions may return a result to their caller using
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="functions-may-return-a-result-to-their-caller-using-return-">Functions may return a result to their caller using
 <code>return</code>.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-return-a-result-to-their-caller-using-return."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-return-a-result-to-their-caller-using-return-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -9288,7 +9384,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-17-scope"><p>Content from <a href="17-scope.html">Variable Scope</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/17-scope.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -9323,8 +9419,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="the-scope-of-a-variable-is-the-part-of-a-program-that-can-see-that-variable."><h2 class="section-heading">The scope of a variable is the part of a program that can ‘see’ that
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-scope-of-a-variable-is-the-part-of-a-program-that-can-see-that-variable-">The scope of a variable is the part of a program that can ‘see’ that
 variable.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-scope-of-a-variable-is-the-part-of-a-program-that-can-see-that-variable."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-scope-of-a-variable-is-the-part-of-a-program-that-can-see-that-variable-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -9492,7 +9589,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-18-style"><p>Content from <a href="18-style.html">Programming Style</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-07-29 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/18-style.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -9527,7 +9624,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="coding-style"><h2 class="section-heading">Coding style<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#coding-style"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="coding-style">Coding style<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#coding-style"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#coding-style"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>A consistent coding style helps others (including our future selves)
@@ -9543,7 +9641,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <li>use white-space, <em>not</em> tabs, to indent lines (tabs can cause
 problems across different text editors, operating systems, and version
 control systems)</li>
-</ul></section><section id="follow-standard-python-style-in-your-code."><h2 class="section-heading">Follow standard Python style in your code.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#follow-standard-python-style-in-your-code."></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="follow-standard-python-style-in-your-code-">Follow standard Python style in your code.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#follow-standard-python-style-in-your-code."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#follow-standard-python-style-in-your-code-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -9570,7 +9669,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 often more impactful than the particular style used. A consistent style
 will make your software easier to read and understand for others and for
 your future self.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="use-assertions-to-check-for-internal-errors."><h2 class="section-heading">Use assertions to check for internal errors.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-assertions-to-check-for-internal-errors."></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-assertions-to-check-for-internal-errors-">Use assertions to check for internal errors.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-assertions-to-check-for-internal-errors."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-assertions-to-check-for-internal-errors-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Assertions are a simple but powerful method for making sure that the
@@ -9590,7 +9690,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 ‘-O’ (optimize) switch. Assertions should contain only simple checks and
 never change the state of the program. For example, an assertion should
 never contain an assignment.</p>
-</section><section id="use-docstrings-to-provide-builtin-help."><h2 class="section-heading">Use docstrings to provide builtin help.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-docstrings-to-provide-builtin-help."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-docstrings-to-provide-builtin-help-">Use docstrings to provide builtin help.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-docstrings-to-provide-builtin-help."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-docstrings-to-provide-builtin-help-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>If the first thing in a function is a character string that is not
@@ -9709,7 +9810,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -9768,7 +9869,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s one solution.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
@@ -9837,7 +9938,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-19-wrap"><p>Content from <a href="19-wrap.html">Wrap-Up</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/19-wrap.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
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@@ -9873,8 +9974,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 sloppy your thinking is.” The same is true of programming: many things
 that seem obvious when we’re thinking about them turn out to be anything
 but when we have to explain them precisely.</p>
-<section id="python-supports-a-large-and-diverse-community-across-academia-and-industry."><h2 class="section-heading">Python supports a large and diverse community across academia and
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="python-supports-a-large-and-diverse-community-across-academia-and-industry-">Python supports a large and diverse community across academia and
 industry.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-supports-a-large-and-diverse-community-across-academia-and-industry."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-supports-a-large-and-diverse-community-across-academia-and-industry-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -9913,7 +10015,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-20-feedback"><p>Content from <a href="20-feedback.html">Feedback</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/20-feedback.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
@@ -9969,18 +10071,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
@@ -10005,8 +10107,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/aio.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/aio.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-09",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/design.html b/design.html
index 04dfe9083..e90505c28 100644
--- a/design.html
+++ b/design.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
             </li>
           </ul></li>
       </div>
-      
+
       <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
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         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
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         <a href="07-reading-tabular.html">7. Reading Tabular Data into DataFrames</a>
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
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 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
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@@ -462,15 +462,15 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Prerequisites<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hre
 </div>
 
 
-      <section id="setup"><section id="getting-the-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Getting the Data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-the-data"></a>
-</h2>
+      <section id="setup"><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="getting-the-data">Getting the Data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-the-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-the-data"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>The data we will be using is taken from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapminder_Foundation" class="external-link">gapminder</a>
 dataset. To obtain it, download and unzip the file <a href="files/python-novice-gapminder-data.zip">python-novice-gapminder-data.zip</a>.
 In order to follow the presented material, you should launch the
 JupyterLab server in the root directory (see <a href="01-run-quit.html#starting-jupyterlab">Starting
 JupyterLab</a>).</p>
-</section><section id="installing-python-using-anaconda"><h2 class="section-heading">Installing Python Using Anaconda<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#installing-python-using-anaconda"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="installing-python-using-anaconda">Installing Python Using Anaconda<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#installing-python-using-anaconda"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#installing-python-using-anaconda"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Please refer to the <a href="https://carpentries.github.io/workshop-template/install_instructions/#python" class="external-link">Python
 section of the workshop website for installation instructions.</a></p>
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+
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 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
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+
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-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
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index e44c96fa3..755bbd4ac 100644
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+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="general-notes">General Notes<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#general-notes"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#general-notes"></a>
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 <hr class="half-width">
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 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
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 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
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index 9ed76184a..4704314ce 100644
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+++ b/instructor/01-run-quit.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
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           Home
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+          Next: Variables and...
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         <h1>Running and Quitting</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2024-04-15 |
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/01-run-quit.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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 to tell a complete story of the analysis.</li>
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-jupyter-notebook"></a></h2>
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 <p>This challenge integrates both the numbered list and bullet list.
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 <p>The Python code gets treated like Markdown text. The lines appear as
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@@ -1199,7 +1199,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Home
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/02-variables.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Variables and... 
+          Next: Variables and...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
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       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/01-run-quit.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
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         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
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         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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-          Next: Data Types and Type... 
+          Next: Data Types and Type...
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       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Variables and Assignment</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/02-variables.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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 </div>
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 </div>
-<section id="use-variables-to-store-values."><h2 class="section-heading">Use variables to store values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-variables-to-store-values."></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-variables-to-store-values-">Use variables to store values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-variables-to-store-values."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-variables-to-store-values-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li><p><strong>Variables</strong> are names for values.</p></li>
 <li>
 <p>Variable names</p>
@@ -519,8 +519,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a>first_name <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'Ahmed'</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </li>
-</ul></section><section id="use-print-to-display-values."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>print</code> to display values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-print-to-display-values."></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-print-to-display-values-">Use <code>print</code> to display values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-print-to-display-values."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-print-to-display-values-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Python has a built-in function called <code>print</code> that prints
 things as text.</li>
 <li>Call the function (i.e., tell Python to run it) by using its
@@ -546,8 +546,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>print</code> automatically puts a single space between items
 to separate them.</li>
 <li>And wraps around to a new line at the end.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used."><h2 class="section-heading">Variables must be created before they are used.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used."></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used-">Variables must be created before they are used.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>If a variable doesn’t exist yet, or if the name has been
 mis-spelled, Python reports an error. (Unlike some languages, which
 “guess” a default value.)</li>
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 </div>
 </div>
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-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="variables-can-be-used-in-calculations-">Variables can be used in calculations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-can-be-used-in-calculations."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-can-be-used-in-calculations-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>We can use variables in calculations just as if they were values.
 <ul><li>Remember, we assigned the value <code>42</code> to <code>age</code>
 a few lines ago.</li>
@@ -621,8 +621,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>Age in three years: 45</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string."><h2 class="section-heading">Use an index to get a single character from a string.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string."></a>
-</h2>
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>The characters (individual letters, numbers, and so on) in a string
 are ordered. For example, the string <code>'AB'</code> is not the same
 as <code>'BA'</code>. Because of this ordering, we can treat the string
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 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="va">h</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring."><h2 class="section-heading">Use a slice to get a substring.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring-">Use a slice to get a substring.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>A part of a string is called a <strong>substring</strong>. A
 substring can be as short as a single character.</li>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="va">sod</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-the-built-in-function-len-to-find-the-length-of-a-string."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the built-in function <code>len</code> to find the length of a
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-built-in-function-len-to-find-the-length-of-a-string-">Use the built-in function <code>len</code> to find the length of a
 string.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-len-to-find-the-length-of-a-string."></a>
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 <hr class="half-width"><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
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 <ul><li>Nested functions are evaluated from the inside out, like in
 mathematics.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="python-is-case-sensitive."><h2 class="section-heading">Python is case-sensitive.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-is-case-sensitive."></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="python-is-case-sensitive-">Python is case-sensitive.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-is-case-sensitive."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-is-case-sensitive-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Python thinks that upper- and lower-case letters are different, so
 <code>Name</code> and <code>name</code> are different variables.</li>
 <li>There are conventions for using upper-case letters at the start of
 variable names so we will use lower-case letters for now.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="use-meaningful-variable-names."><h2 class="section-heading">Use meaningful variable names.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-meaningful-variable-names."></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-meaningful-variable-names-">Use meaningful variable names.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-meaningful-variable-names."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-meaningful-variable-names-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Python doesn’t care what you call variables as long as they obey the
 rules (alphanumeric characters and the underscore).</li>
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 if you try to perform an index operation on a number. In the <a href="03-types-conversion.html">next lesson on types and type
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p><code>minutes</code> is better because <code>min</code> might mean
 something like “minimum” (and actually is an existing built-in function
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 </button>
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>
 <code>species_name[2:8]</code> returns the substring
@@ -1027,7 +1027,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Running and Quitting
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/03-types-conversion.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Data Types and Type... 
+          Next: Data Types and Type...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
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       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/02-variables.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
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         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
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         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/instructor/02-variables.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2023-05-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
   </script><script>
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@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
 <li><a href="#variables-only-change-value-when-something-is-assigned-to-them.">Variables only change value when something is assigned to them.</a></li>
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         <h1>Data Types and Type Conversion</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Every value in a program has a specific type.</li>
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 numbers like 3 or -512.</li>
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 value has.</li>
 <li>Works on variables as well.
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
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 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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               </div>
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             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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           Previous: Data Types and Type
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/05-coffee.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Morning Coffee... 
+          Next: Morning Coffee...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Built-in Functions and Help</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/04-built-in.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
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           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -499,16 +499,16 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs."><h2 class="section-heading">Use comments to add documentation to programs.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs."></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs-">Use comments to add documentation to programs.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># This sentence isn't executed by Python.</span></span>
 <span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a>adjustment <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">0.5</span>   <span class="co"># Neither is this - anything after '#' is ignored.</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments."><h2 class="section-heading">A function may take zero or more arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments-">A function may take zero or more arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>We have seen some functions already — now let’s take a closer
 look.</li>
 <li>An <em>argument</em> is a value passed into a function.</li>
@@ -538,8 +538,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span></span>
 <span><span class="va">after</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="every-function-returns-something."><h2 class="section-heading">Every function returns something.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-function-returns-something."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="every-function-returns-something-">Every function returns something.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-function-returns-something."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-function-returns-something-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Every function call produces some result.</li>
 <li>If the function doesn’t have a useful result to return, it usually
 returns the special value <code>None</code>. <code>None</code> is a
@@ -556,9 +556,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>example
 result of print is None</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="commonly-used-built-in-functions-include-max-min-and-round."><h2 class="section-heading">Commonly-used built-in functions include <code>max</code>,
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="commonly-used-built-in-functions-include-max-min-and-round-">Commonly-used built-in functions include <code>max</code>,
 <code>min</code>, and <code>round</code>.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#commonly-used-built-in-functions-include-max-min-and-round."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#commonly-used-built-in-functions-include-max-min-and-round-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Use <code>max</code> to find the largest value of one or more
 values.</li>
 <li>Use <code>min</code> to find the smallest.</li>
@@ -577,9 +577,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">3</span></span>
 <span><span class="fl">0</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="functions-may-only-work-for-certain-combinations-of-arguments."><h2 class="section-heading">Functions may only work for certain (combinations of)
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="functions-may-only-work-for-certain-combinations-of-arguments-">Functions may only work for certain (combinations of)
 arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-only-work-for-certain-combinations-of-arguments."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-only-work-for-certain-combinations-of-arguments-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>
 <code>max</code> and <code>min</code> must be given at least one
 argument.
@@ -601,8 +601,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 
 TypeError: '&gt;' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments."><h2 class="section-heading">Functions may have default values for some arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments-">Functions may have default values for some arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>
 <code>round</code> will round off a floating-point number.</li>
 <li>By default, rounds to zero decimal places.</li>
@@ -627,8 +627,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">3.7</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods"><h2 class="section-heading">Functions attached to objects are called methods<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods">Functions attached to objects are called methods<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Functions take another form that will be common in the pandas
 episodes.</li>
 <li>Methods have parentheses like functions, but come after the
@@ -670,9 +670,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 HELLO WORLD
 True</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-the-built-in-function-help-to-get-help-for-a-function."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the built-in function <code>help</code> to get help for a
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-built-in-function-help-to-get-help-for-a-function-">Use the built-in function <code>help</code> to get help for a
 function.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-help-to-get-help-for-a-function."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-help-to-get-help-for-a-function-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Every built-in function has online documentation.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb18">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -686,12 +686,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 
 round(number, ndigits=None)
     Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits.
-    
+
     The return value is an integer if ndigits is omitted or None.  Otherwise
     the return value has the same type as the number.  ndigits may be negative.</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help."><h2 class="section-heading">The Jupyter Notebook has two ways to get help.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help-">The Jupyter Notebook has two ways to get help.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Option 1: Place the cursor near where the function is invoked in a
 cell (i.e., the function name or its parameters),
 <ul><li>Hold down <kbd>Shift</kbd>, and press <kbd>Tab</kbd>.</li>
@@ -699,9 +699,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </ul></li>
 <li>Option 2: Type the function name in a cell with a question mark
 after it. Then run the cell.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="python-reports-a-syntax-error-when-it-cant-understand-the-source-of-a-program."><h2 class="section-heading">Python reports a syntax error when it can’t understand the source of
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="python-reports-a-syntax-error-when-it-cant-understand-the-source-of-a-program-">Python reports a syntax error when it can’t understand the source of
 a program.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-reports-a-syntax-error-when-it-cant-understand-the-source-of-a-program."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-reports-a-syntax-error-when-it-cant-understand-the-source-of-a-program-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Won’t even try to run the program if it can’t be parsed.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
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 occurred in cell 6 of our Notebook.</li>
 <li>Next is the problematic line of code, indicating the problem with a
 <code>^</code> pointer.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="runtime-error"><h2 class="section-heading">Python reports a runtime error when something goes wrong while a
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="runtime-error">Python reports a runtime error when something goes wrong while a
 program is executing.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#runtime-error"></a>
-</h2>
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 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
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           Previous: Data Types and Type
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/05-coffee.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Morning Coffee... 
+          Next: Morning Coffee...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -1020,18 +1020,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/04-built-in.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
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+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
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         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
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   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/instructor/04-built-in.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2023-05-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
   </script><script>
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         <h1>Morning Coffee</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
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         <h1>Libraries</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>A <em>library</em> is a collection of files (called
 <em>modules</em>) that contains functions for use by other programs.
 <ul><li>May also contain data values (e.g., numerical constants) and other
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 memory.</li>
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 <code>pi</code> doesn’t somehow “inherit” the function’s reference to
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         Return the arc cosine (measured in radians) of x.
 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮</code></pre>
 </div>
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 <em>alias</em> while importing it.</li>
 <li>Then refer to items in the library using that shortened name.</li>
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           Previous: Morning Coffee
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         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/06-libraries.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
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 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
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         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/08-data-frames.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Pandas DataFrames... 
+          Next: Pandas DataFrames...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Reading Tabular Data into DataFrames</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/07-reading-tabular.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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@@ -488,8 +488,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the Pandas library to do statistics on tabular data.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data."></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data-">Use the Pandas library to do statistics on tabular data.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>
 <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/" class="external-link">Pandas</a> is a widely-used
 Python library for statistics, particularly on tabular data.</li>
@@ -561,9 +561,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-index_col-to-specify-that-a-columns-values-should-be-used-as-row-headings."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>index_col</code> to specify that a column’s values should
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-index_col-to-specify-that-a-columns-values-should-be-used-as-row-headings-">Use <code>index_col</code> to specify that a column’s values should
 be used as row headings.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-index_col-to-specify-that-a-columns-values-should-be-used-as-row-headings."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-index_col-to-specify-that-a-columns-values-should-be-used-as-row-headings-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Row headings are numbers (0 and 1 in this case).</li>
 <li>Really want to index by country.</li>
 <li>Pass the name of the column to <code>read_csv</code> as its
@@ -595,9 +595,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Australia       23424.76683     26997.93657     30687.75473     34435.36744
 New Zealand     18363.32494     21050.41377     23189.80135     25185.00911</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-the-dataframe.info-method-to-find-out-more-about-a-dataframe."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the <code>DataFrame.info()</code> method to find out more about
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-dataframe-info-method-to-find-out-more-about-a-dataframe-">Use the <code>DataFrame.info()</code> method to find out more about
 a dataframe.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-dataframe.info-method-to-find-out-more-about-a-dataframe."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-dataframe-info-method-to-find-out-more-about-a-dataframe-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
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 </h3>
@@ -635,9 +635,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 missing observations.</li>
 </ul></li>
 <li>Uses 208 bytes of memory.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="the-dataframe.columns-variable-stores-information-about-the-dataframes-columns."><h2 class="section-heading">The <code>DataFrame.columns</code> variable stores information about
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-dataframe-columns-variable-stores-information-about-the-dataframes-columns-">The <code>DataFrame.columns</code> variable stores information about
 the dataframe’s columns.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-dataframe.columns-variable-stores-information-about-the-dataframes-columns."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-dataframe-columns-variable-stores-information-about-the-dataframes-columns-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Note that this is data, <em>not</em> a method. (It doesn’t have
 parentheses.)
 <ul><li>Like <code>math.pi</code>.</li>
@@ -657,8 +657,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
        'gdpPercap_1992', 'gdpPercap_1997', 'gdpPercap_2002', 'gdpPercap_2007'],
       dtype='object')</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-dataframe.t-to-transpose-a-dataframe."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>DataFrame.T</code> to transpose a dataframe.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.t-to-transpose-a-dataframe."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-dataframe-t-to-transpose-a-dataframe-">Use <code>DataFrame.T</code> to transpose a dataframe.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.t-to-transpose-a-dataframe."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe-t-to-transpose-a-dataframe-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Sometimes want to treat columns as rows and vice versa.</li>
 <li>Transpose (written <code>.T</code>) doesn’t copy the data, just
 changes the program’s view of it.</li>
@@ -685,9 +685,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 gdpPercap_2002  30687.75473  23189.80135
 gdpPercap_2007  34435.36744  25185.00911</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-dataframe.describe-to-get-summary-statistics-about-data."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>DataFrame.describe()</code> to get summary statistics
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-dataframe-describe-to-get-summary-statistics-about-data-">Use <code>DataFrame.describe()</code> to get summary statistics
 about data.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.describe-to-get-summary-statistics-about-data."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe-describe-to-get-summary-statistics-about-data-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p><code>DataFrame.describe()</code> gets the summary statistics of only
 the columns that have numerical data. All other columns are ignored,
 unless you use the argument <code>include='all'</code>.</p>
@@ -1023,7 +1023,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Libraries
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/08-data-frames.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Pandas DataFrames... 
+          Next: Pandas DataFrames...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -1034,18 +1034,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
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+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/07-reading-tabular.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
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   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/instructor/07-reading-tabular.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2023-05-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
   </script><script>
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               </div>
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             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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           Previous: Reading Tabular Data
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/09-plotting.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Plotting... 
+          Next: Plotting...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Pandas DataFrames</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-08-29 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/08-data-frames.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
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         <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 30 minutes</p>
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           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -493,8 +493,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="note-about-pandas-dataframesseries"><h2 class="section-heading">Note about Pandas DataFrames/Series<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#note-about-pandas-dataframesseries"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="note-about-pandas-dataframesseries">Note about Pandas DataFrames/Series<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#note-about-pandas-dataframesseries"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#note-about-pandas-dataframesseries"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>A <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.DataFrame.html" class="external-link">DataFrame</a>
 is a collection of <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.Series.html" class="external-link">Series</a>;
 The DataFrame is the way Pandas represents a table, and Series is the
@@ -505,17 +505,17 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <p>What makes Pandas so attractive is the powerful interface to access
 individual records of the table, proper handling of missing values, and
 relational-databases operations between DataFrames.</p>
-</section><section id="selecting-values"><h2 class="section-heading">Selecting values<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#selecting-values"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="selecting-values">Selecting values<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#selecting-values"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#selecting-values"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>To access a value at the position <code>[i,j]</code> of a DataFrame,
 we have two options, depending on what is the meaning of <code>i</code>
 in use. Remember that a DataFrame provides an <em>index</em> as a way to
 identify the rows of the table; a row, then, has a <em>position</em>
 inside the table as well as a <em>label</em>, which uniquely identifies
 its <em>entry</em> in the DataFrame.</p>
-</section><section id="use-dataframe.iloc...-...-to-select-values-by-their-entry-position"><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>DataFrame.iloc[..., ...]</code> to select values by their
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-dataframe-iloc--------to-select-values-by-their-entry-position">Use <code>DataFrame.iloc[..., ...]</code> to select values by their
 (entry) position<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.iloc...-...-to-select-values-by-their-entry-position"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe-iloc--------to-select-values-by-their-entry-position"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Can specify location by numerical index analogously to 2D version of
 character selection in strings.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
@@ -530,9 +530,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">1601.056136</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-dataframe.loc...-...-to-select-values-by-their-entry-label."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>DataFrame.loc[..., ...]</code> to select values by their
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-dataframe-loc--------to-select-values-by-their-entry-label-">Use <code>DataFrame.loc[..., ...]</code> to select values by their
 (entry) label.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.loc...-...-to-select-values-by-their-entry-label."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe-loc--------to-select-values-by-their-entry-label-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Can specify location by row and/or column name.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -544,8 +544,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">1601.056136</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>:</code> on its own to mean all columns or all rows.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows-">Use <code>:</code> on its own to mean all columns or all rows.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Just like Python’s usual slicing notation.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -595,9 +595,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>Also get the same result printing <code>data.gdpPercap_1952</code>
 (not recommended, because easily confused with <code>.</code> notation
 for methods)</li>
-</ul></section><section id="select-multiple-columns-or-rows-using-dataframe.loc-and-a-named-slice."><h2 class="section-heading">Select multiple columns or rows using <code>DataFrame.loc</code> and
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="select-multiple-columns-or-rows-using-dataframe-loc-and-a-named-slice-">Select multiple columns or rows using <code>DataFrame.loc</code> and
 a named slice.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-multiple-columns-or-rows-using-dataframe.loc-and-a-named-slice."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-multiple-columns-or-rows-using-dataframe-loc-and-a-named-slice-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -618,8 +618,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>loc</code> is inclusive at both ends</strong>, which differs from
 <strong>slicing using <code>iloc</code></strong>, where slicing
 indicates everything up to but not including the final index.</p>
-</section><section id="result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations."><h2 class="section-heading">Result of slicing can be used in further operations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations-">Result of slicing can be used in further operations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Usually don’t just print a slice.</li>
 <li>All the statistical operators that work on entire dataframes work
 the same way on slices.</li>
@@ -650,8 +650,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 gdpPercap_1972    7778.414017
 dtype: float64</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value."><h2 class="section-heading">Use comparisons to select data based on value.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value-">Use comparisons to select data based on value.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Comparison is applied element by element.</li>
 <li>Returns a similarly-shaped dataframe of <code>True</code> and
 <code>False</code>.</li>
@@ -686,8 +686,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Norway                True           True           True
 Poland               False          False          False</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask."><h2 class="section-heading">Select values or NaN using a Boolean mask.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask-">Select values or NaN using a Boolean mask.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>A frame full of Booleans is sometimes called a <em>mask</em> because
 of how it can be used.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb17">
@@ -729,8 +729,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 75%      13285.513523    15862.563915    18879.900590
 max      13450.401510    16361.876470    18965.055510</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="group-by-split-apply-combine"><h2 class="section-heading">Group By: split-apply-combine<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#group-by-split-apply-combine"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="group-by-split-apply-combine">Group By: split-apply-combine<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#group-by-split-apply-combine"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#group-by-split-apply-combine"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div id="accordionInstructor1" class="accordion instructor-note accordion-flush">
 <div class="accordion-item">
 <button class="accordion-button instructor-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseInstructor1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseInstructor1">
@@ -815,21 +815,21 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>          gdpPercap_1952  gdpPercap_1957  gdpPercap_1962  gdpPercap_1967  \
-0.000000    36916.854200    46110.918793    56850.065437    71324.848786   
-0.333333    16790.046878    20942.456800    25744.935321    33567.667670   
-0.500000    11807.544405    14505.000150    18380.449470    21421.846200   
-1.000000   104317.277560   127332.008735   149989.154201   178000.350040   
+0.000000    36916.854200    46110.918793    56850.065437    71324.848786
+0.333333    16790.046878    20942.456800    25744.935321    33567.667670
+0.500000    11807.544405    14505.000150    18380.449470    21421.846200
+1.000000   104317.277560   127332.008735   149989.154201   178000.350040
 
           gdpPercap_1972  gdpPercap_1977  gdpPercap_1982  gdpPercap_1987  \
-0.000000    88569.346898   104459.358438   113553.768507   119649.599409   
-0.333333    45277.839976    53860.456750    59679.634020    64436.912960   
-0.500000    25377.727380    29056.145370    31914.712050    35517.678220   
-1.000000   215162.343140   241143.412730   263388.781960   296825.131210   
-
-          gdpPercap_1992  gdpPercap_1997  gdpPercap_2002  gdpPercap_2007  
-0.000000    92380.047256   103772.937598   118590.929863   149577.357928  
-0.333333    67918.093220    80876.051580   102086.795210   122803.729520  
-0.500000    36310.666080    40723.538700    45564.308390    51403.028210  
+0.000000    88569.346898   104459.358438   113553.768507   119649.599409
+0.333333    45277.839976    53860.456750    59679.634020    64436.912960
+0.500000    25377.727380    29056.145370    31914.712050    35517.678220
+1.000000   215162.343140   241143.412730   263388.781960   296825.131210
+
+          gdpPercap_1992  gdpPercap_1997  gdpPercap_2002  gdpPercap_2007
+0.000000    92380.047256   103772.937598   118590.929863   149577.357928
+0.333333    67918.093220    80876.051580   102086.795210   122803.729520
+0.500000    36310.666080    40723.538700    45564.308390    51403.028210
 1.000000   315238.235970   346930.926170   385109.939210   427850.333420</code></pre>
 </div>
 <div id="selection-of-individual-values" class="callout challenge">
@@ -910,7 +910,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>        gdpPercap_1952  gdpPercap_1957
-country                                
+country
 Albania     1601.056136     1942.284244
 Austria     6137.076492     8842.598030</code></pre>
 </div>
@@ -919,7 +919,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>        gdpPercap_1952  gdpPercap_1957  gdpPercap_1962
-country                                                
+country
 Albania     1601.056136     1942.284244     2312.888958
 Austria     6137.076492     8842.598030    10750.721110
 Belgium     8343.105127     9714.960623    10991.206760</code></pre>
@@ -1388,7 +1388,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Reading Tabular Data
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/09-plotting.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Plotting... 
+          Next: Plotting...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -1399,18 +1399,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
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+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/08-data-frames.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
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 			<div class="col-md-6">
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+
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@@ -1435,7 +1435,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/instructor/08-data-frames.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2023-08-29",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
   </script><script>
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         <ul><li><a href="#matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python."></a><a href="https://matplotlib.org/" class="external-link"><code>matplotlib</code></a> is the
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
 <li><a href="#can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together.">Can plot many sets of data together.</a></li>
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             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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@@ -444,20 +444,20 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
           Previous: Pandas DataFrames
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/10-lunch.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Lunch... 
+          Next: Lunch...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Plotting</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2024-03-17 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/09-plotting.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
-        
-        
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+
+
         <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 30 minutes</p>
-        
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         <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -488,10 +488,10 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python."><h2 class="section-heading">
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python-">
 <a href="https://matplotlib.org/" class="external-link"><code>matplotlib</code></a> is the
 most widely used scientific plotting library in Python.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Commonly use a sub-library called <a href="https://matplotlib.org/stable/tutorials/introductory/pyplot.html" class="external-link"><code>matplotlib.pyplot</code></a>.</li>
 <li>The Jupyter Notebook will render plots inline by default.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
@@ -535,8 +535,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe."><h2 class="section-heading">Plot data directly from a <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.html" class="external-link"><code>Pandas dataframe</code></a>.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe-">Plot data directly from a <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.html" class="external-link"><code>Pandas dataframe</code></a>.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>We can also plot <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.DataFrame.html" class="external-link">Pandas
 dataframes</a>.</li>
 <li>Before plotting, we convert the column headings from a
@@ -567,8 +567,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb4-16"><a href="#cb4-16" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb4-17"><a href="#cb4-17" tabindex="-1"></a>data.loc[<span class="st">'Australia'</span>].plot()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="../fig/9_gdp_australia.svg" alt="GDP plot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section id="select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it."><h2 class="section-heading">Select and transform data, then plot it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it."></a>
-</h2>
+<figure><img src="../fig/9_gdp_australia.svg" alt="GDP plot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it-">Select and transform data, then plot it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>By default, <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.DataFrame.plot.html#pandas.DataFrame.plot" class="external-link"><code>DataFrame.plot</code></a>
 plots with the rows as the X axis.</li>
 <li>We can transpose the data in order to plot multiple series.</li>
@@ -578,8 +578,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a>data.T.plot()</span>
 <span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" tabindex="-1"></a>plt.ylabel(<span class="st">'GDP per capita'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="../fig/9_gdp_australia_nz.svg" alt="GDP plot for Australia and New Zealand" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section id="many-styles-of-plot-are-available."><h2 class="section-heading">Many styles of plot are available.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#many-styles-of-plot-are-available."></a>
-</h2>
+<figure><img src="../fig/9_gdp_australia_nz.svg" alt="GDP plot for Australia and New Zealand" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="many-styles-of-plot-are-available-">Many styles of plot are available.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#many-styles-of-plot-are-available."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#many-styles-of-plot-are-available-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>For example, do a bar plot using a fancier style.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -588,16 +588,16 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" tabindex="-1"></a>data.T.plot(kind<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'bar'</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" tabindex="-1"></a>plt.ylabel(<span class="st">'GDP per capita'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="../fig/9_gdp_bar.svg" alt="GDP barplot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section id="data-can-also-be-plotted-by-calling-the-matplotlib-plot-function-directly."><h2 class="section-heading">Data can also be plotted by calling the <code>matplotlib</code>
+<figure><img src="../fig/9_gdp_bar.svg" alt="GDP barplot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="data-can-also-be-plotted-by-calling-the-matplotlib-plot-function-directly-">Data can also be plotted by calling the <code>matplotlib</code>
 <code>plot</code> function directly.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#data-can-also-be-plotted-by-calling-the-matplotlib-plot-function-directly."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#data-can-also-be-plotted-by-calling-the-matplotlib-plot-function-directly-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>The command is <code>plt.plot(x, y)</code>
 </li>
 <li>The color and format of markers can also be specified as an
 additional optional argument e.g., <code>b-</code> is a blue line,
 <code>g--</code> is a green dashed line.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="get-australia-data-from-dataframe"><h2 class="section-heading">Get Australia data from dataframe<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#get-australia-data-from-dataframe"></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="get-australia-data-from-dataframe">Get Australia data from dataframe<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#get-australia-data-from-dataframe"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#get-australia-data-from-dataframe"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -606,8 +606,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" tabindex="-1"></a>plt.plot(years, gdp_australia, <span class="st">'g--'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="../fig/9_gdp_australia_formatted.svg" alt="GDP formatted plot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section id="can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together."><h2 class="section-heading">Can plot many sets of data together.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together."></a>
-</h2>
+<figure><img src="../fig/9_gdp_australia_formatted.svg" alt="GDP formatted plot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together-">Can plot many sets of data together.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
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 <figure><img src="../fig/9_correlations_solution2.png" alt="Correlations Solution 2" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Seems the variability in this value is due to a sharp drop after
 1972. Some geopolitics at play perhaps? Given the dominance of oil
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
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         <h1>Lunch</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
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         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
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           Previous: Lunch
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/12-for-loops.html" rel="next">
-          Next: For Loops... 
+          Next: For Loops...
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       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Lists</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-07-24 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/11-lists.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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         </div>
@@ -488,8 +488,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure."><h2 class="section-heading">A list stores many values in a single structure.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure."></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure-">A list stores many values in a single structure.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Doing calculations with a hundred variables called
 <code>pressure_001</code>, <code>pressure_002</code>, etc., would be at
 least as slow as doing them by hand.</li>
@@ -511,8 +511,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>pressures: [0.273, 0.275, 0.277, 0.275, 0.276]
 length: 5</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list."><h2 class="section-heading">Use an item’s index to fetch it from a list.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list-">Use an item’s index to fetch it from a list.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Just like strings.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -526,8 +526,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>zeroth item of pressures: 0.273
 fourth item of pressures: 0.276</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them."><h2 class="section-heading">Lists’ values can be replaced by assigning to them.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them-">Lists’ values can be replaced by assigning to them.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Use an index expression on the left of assignment to replace a
 value.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -541,8 +541,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>pressures is now: [0.265, 0.275, 0.277, 0.275, 0.276]</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it."><h2 class="section-heading">Appending items to a list lengthens it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it-">Appending items to a list lengthens it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Use <code>list_name.append</code> to add items to the end of a
 list.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
@@ -594,8 +594,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 the list, appending a list to a list means the last element in
 <code>primes</code> will itself be a list, not an integer. Lists can
 contain values of any type; therefore, lists of lists are possible.</p>
-</section><section id="use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>del</code> to remove items from a list entirely.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely-">Use <code>del</code> to remove items from a list entirely.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>We use <code>del list_name[index]</code> to remove an element from a
 list (in the example, 9 is not a prime number) and thus shorten it.</li>
 <li>
@@ -615,24 +615,24 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>primes before removing last item: [2, 3, 5, 7, 9]
 primes after removing last item: [2, 3, 5, 7]</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-empty-list-contains-no-values."><h2 class="section-heading">The empty list contains no values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-empty-list-contains-no-values."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-empty-list-contains-no-values-">The empty list contains no values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-empty-list-contains-no-values."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-empty-list-contains-no-values-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Use <code>[]</code> on its own to represent a list that doesn’t
 contain any values.
 <ul><li>“The zero of lists.”</li>
 </ul></li>
 <li>Helpful as a starting point for collecting values (which we will see
 in the <a href="12-for-loops.html">next episode</a>).</li>
-</ul></section><section id="lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types."><h2 class="section-heading">Lists may contain values of different types.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types."></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types-">Lists may contain values of different types.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>A single list may contain numbers, strings, and anything else.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb13">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1" tabindex="-1"></a>goals <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="st">'Create lists.'</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="st">'Extract items from lists.'</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="st">'Modify lists.'</span>]</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists."><h2 class="section-heading">Character strings can be indexed like lists.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists-">Character strings can be indexed like lists.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Get single characters from a character string using indexes in
 square brackets.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
@@ -648,8 +648,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>zeroth character: c
 third character: b</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="character-strings-are-immutable."><h2 class="section-heading">Character strings are immutable.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-are-immutable."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="character-strings-are-immutable-">Character strings are immutable.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-are-immutable."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-are-immutable-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Cannot change the characters in a string after it has been created.
 <ul><li>
 <em>Immutable</em>: can’t be changed after creation.</li>
@@ -669,8 +669,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 <pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment</code></pre>
 </div>
 <ul><li>Lists and character strings are both <em>collections</em>.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error."><h2 class="section-heading">Indexing beyond the end of the collection is an error.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error."></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error-">Indexing beyond the end of the collection is an error.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Python reports an <code>IndexError</code> if we attempt to access a
 value that doesn’t exist.
 <ul><li>This is a kind of <a href="04-built-in.html">runtime error</a>.</li>
@@ -1101,7 +1101,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Lunch
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/12-for-loops.html" rel="next">
-          Next: For Loops... 
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       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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 			<div class="col-md-6">
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         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
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   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/instructor/11-lists.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2023-07-24",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
   </script><script>
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         <h1>For Loops</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/12-for-loops.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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-<section id="a-for-loop-executes-commands-once-for-each-value-in-a-collection."><h2 class="section-heading">A <em>for loop</em> executes commands once for each value in a
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-for-loop-executes-commands-once-for-each-value-in-a-collection-">A <em>for loop</em> executes commands once for each value in a
 collection.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-for-loop-executes-commands-once-for-each-value-in-a-collection."></a>
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Doing calculations on the values in a list one by one is as painful
 as working with <code>pressure_001</code>, <code>pressure_002</code>,
 etc.</li>
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 <span><span class="fl">3</span></span>
 <span><span class="fl">5</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="a-for-loop-is-made-up-of-a-collection-a-loop-variable-and-a-body."><h2 class="section-heading">A <code>for</code> loop is made up of a collection, a loop variable,
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-for-loop-is-made-up-of-a-collection-a-loop-variable-and-a-body-">A <code>for</code> loop is made up of a collection, a loop variable,
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 <em>iteration</em> of the loop.
 <ul><li>The “current thing”.</li>
 </ul></li>
-</ul></section><section id="the-first-line-of-the-for-loop-must-end-with-a-colon-and-the-body-must-be-indented."><h2 class="section-heading">The first line of the <code>for</code> loop must end with a colon,
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-first-line-of-the-for-loop-must-end-with-a-colon-and-the-body-must-be-indented-">The first line of the <code>for</code> loop must end with a colon,
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 <li>Python uses indentation rather than <code>{}</code> or
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 <ul><li>Created on demand.</li>
 <li>Meaningless: their names can be anything at all.</li>
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 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> kitten <span class="kw">in</span> [<span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>]:</span>
 <span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="bu">print</span>(kitten)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-body-of-a-loop-can-contain-many-statements."><h2 class="section-heading">The body of a loop can contain many statements.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-body-of-a-loop-can-contain-many-statements."></a>
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>But no loop should be more than a few lines long.</li>
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 3 9 27
 5 25 125</code></pre>
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-range-to-iterate-over-a-sequence-of-numbers-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>The built-in function <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#range" class="external-link"><code>range</code></a>
 produces a sequence of numbers.
 <ul><li>
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 1
 2</code></pre>
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>A common pattern in programs is to:
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Initialize an <em>accumulator</em> variable to zero, the empty
 string, or the empty list.</li>
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
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         <h1>Conditionals</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2024-02-16 |
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-<section id="use-if-statements-to-control-whether-or-not-a-block-of-code-is-executed."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>if</code> statements to control whether or not a block of
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-if-statements-to-control-whether-or-not-a-block-of-code-is-executed-">Use <code>if</code> statements to control whether or not a block of
 code is executed.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-if-statements-to-control-whether-or-not-a-block-of-code-is-executed."></a>
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>An <code>if</code> statement (more properly called a
 <em>conditional</em> statement) controls whether some block of code is
 executed or not.</li>
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 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>3.54 is large</code></pre>
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-</section><section id="conditionals-are-often-used-inside-loops."><h2 class="section-heading">Conditionals are often used inside loops.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditionals-are-often-used-inside-loops."></a>
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditionals-are-often-used-inside-loops-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Not much point using a conditional when we know the value (as
 above).</li>
 <li>But useful when we have a collection to process.</li>
@@ -534,9 +534,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>3.54 is large
 9.22 is large</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-else-to-execute-a-block-of-code-when-an-if-condition-is-not-true."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>else</code> to execute a block of code when an
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 <code>if</code> condition is <em>not</em> true.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-else-to-execute-a-block-of-code-when-an-if-condition-is-not-true."></a>
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>
 <code>else</code> can be used following an <code>if</code>.</li>
 <li>Allows us to specify an alternative to execute when the
@@ -560,8 +560,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 1.86 is small
 1.71 is small</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-elif-to-specify-additional-tests."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>elif</code> to specify additional tests.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-elif-to-specify-additional-tests."></a>
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>May want to provide several alternative choices, each with its own
 test.</li>
 <li>Use <code>elif</code> (short for “else if”) and a condition to
@@ -590,8 +590,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 1.86 is small
 1.71 is small</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="conditions-are-tested-once-in-order."><h2 class="section-heading">Conditions are tested once, in order.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditions-are-tested-once-in-order."></a>
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditions-are-tested-once-in-order-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Python steps through the branches of the conditional in order,
 testing each in turn.</li>
 <li>So ordering matters.</li>
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 moving too slow
 final velocity: 30.0</code></pre>
 </div>
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   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/instructor/13-conditionals.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
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           Previous: Conditionals
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/15-coffee.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Afternoon Coffee... 
+          Next: Afternoon Coffee...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Looping Over Data Sets</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/14-looping-data-sets.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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@@ -486,9 +486,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="use-a-for-loop-to-process-files-given-a-list-of-their-names."><h2 class="section-heading">Use a <code>for</code> loop to process files given a list of their
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-a-for-loop-to-process-files-given-a-list-of-their-names-">Use a <code>for</code> loop to process files given a list of their
 names.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-for-loop-to-process-files-given-a-list-of-their-names."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-for-loop-to-process-files-given-a-list-of-their-names-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>A filename is a character string.</li>
 <li>And lists can contain character strings.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
@@ -521,9 +521,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 gdpPercap_2007    944
 dtype: float64</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-glob.glob-to-find-sets-of-files-whose-names-match-a-pattern."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/glob.html#glob.glob" class="external-link"><code>glob.glob</code></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-glob-glob-to-find-sets-of-files-whose-names-match-a-pattern-">Use <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/glob.html#glob.glob" class="external-link"><code>glob.glob</code></a>
 to find sets of files whose names match a pattern.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-glob.glob-to-find-sets-of-files-whose-names-match-a-pattern."></a>
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-glob-glob-to-find-sets-of-files-whose-names-match-a-pattern-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>In Unix, the term “globbing” means “matching a set of files with a
 pattern”.</li>
 <li>The most common patterns are:
@@ -563,9 +563,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>all PDB files: []</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-glob-and-for-to-process-batches-of-files."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>glob</code> and <code>for</code> to process batches of
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-glob-and-for-to-process-batches-of-files-">Use <code>glob</code> and <code>for</code> to process batches of
 files.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-glob-and-for-to-process-batches-of-files."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-glob-and-for-to-process-batches-of-files-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Helps a lot if the files are named and stored systematically and
 consistently so that simple patterns will find the right data.</li>
 </ul><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
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           Previous: Conditionals
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/15-coffee.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Afternoon Coffee... 
+          Next: Afternoon Coffee...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -806,18 +806,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
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         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/14-looping-data-sets.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/instructor/14-looping-data-sets.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
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@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
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           Previous: Looping Over Data
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/16-writing-functions.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Writing Functions... 
+          Next: Writing Functions...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Afternoon Coffee</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/15-coffee.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
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           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
 
         
-<section id="reflection-exercise"><h2 class="section-heading">Reflection exercise<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reflection-exercise"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="reflection-exercise">Reflection exercise<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reflection-exercise"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reflection-exercise"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Over break, reflect on and discuss the following:</p>
 <ul><li>A common refrain in software engineering is “Don’t Repeat Yourself”.
 How do the techniques we’ve learned in the last lessons help us avoid
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ <h1>Afternoon Coffee</h1>
           Previous: Looping Over Data
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/16-writing-functions.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Writing Functions... 
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@@ -491,18 +491,18 @@ <h1>Afternoon Coffee</h1>
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
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+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/15-coffee.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
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+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ <h1>Afternoon Coffee</h1>
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diff --git a/instructor/16-writing-functions.html b/instructor/16-writing-functions.html
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+++ b/instructor/16-writing-functions.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
             </li>
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         </a>
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-          Next: Variable Scope... 
+          Next: Variable Scope...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
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       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Writing Functions</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2024-06-13 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/16-writing-functions.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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@@ -488,9 +488,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="break-programs-down-into-functions-to-make-them-easier-to-understand."><h2 class="section-heading">Break programs down into functions to make them easier to
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="break-programs-down-into-functions-to-make-them-easier-to-understand-">Break programs down into functions to make them easier to
 understand.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#break-programs-down-into-functions-to-make-them-easier-to-understand."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#break-programs-down-into-functions-to-make-them-easier-to-understand-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Human beings can only keep a few items in working memory at a
 time.</li>
 <li>Understand larger/more complicated ideas by understanding and
@@ -506,9 +506,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <li>Also enables <em>re-use</em>.
 <ul><li>Write one time, use many times.</li>
 </ul></li>
-</ul></section><section id="define-a-function-using-def-with-a-name-parameters-and-a-block-of-code."><h2 class="section-heading">Define a function using <code>def</code> with a name, parameters,
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="define-a-function-using-def-with-a-name-parameters-and-a-block-of-code-">Define a function using <code>def</code> with a name, parameters,
 and a block of code.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#define-a-function-using-def-with-a-name-parameters-and-a-block-of-code."></a>
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#define-a-function-using-def-with-a-name-parameters-and-a-block-of-code-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Begin the definition of a new function with <code>def</code>.</li>
 <li>Followed by the name of the function.
 <ul><li>Must obey the same rules as variable names.</li>
@@ -527,8 +527,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">'The weather is nice today.'</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">'Right?'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="defining-a-function-does-not-run-it."><h2 class="section-heading">Defining a function does not run it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#defining-a-function-does-not-run-it."></a>
-</h2>
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#defining-a-function-does-not-run-it-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Defining a function does not run it.
 <ul><li>Like assigning a value to a variable.</li>
 </ul></li>
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 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>Hello!</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="arguments-in-a-function-call-are-matched-to-its-defined-parameters."><h2 class="section-heading">Arguments in a function call are matched to its defined
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="arguments-in-a-function-call-are-matched-to-its-defined-parameters-">Arguments in a function call are matched to its defined
 parameters.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#arguments-in-a-function-call-are-matched-to-its-defined-parameters."></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#arguments-in-a-function-call-are-matched-to-its-defined-parameters-"></a></h2>
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 data.</li>
 <li>Specify <em>parameters</em> when defining a function.
@@ -587,9 +587,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <ul><li>Via <a href="https://twitter.com/minisciencegirl/status/693486088963272705" class="external-link">Twitter</a>:
 <code>()</code> contains the ingredients for the function while the body
 contains the recipe.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="functions-may-return-a-result-to-their-caller-using-return."><h2 class="section-heading">Functions may return a result to their caller using
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="functions-may-return-a-result-to-their-caller-using-return-">Functions may return a result to their caller using
 <code>return</code>.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-return-a-result-to-their-caller-using-return."></a>
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Use <code>return ...</code> to give a value back to the caller.</li>
 <li>May occur anywhere in the function.</li>
 <li>But functions are easier to understand if <code>return</code>
@@ -1326,7 +1326,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Afternoon Coffee
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/17-scope.html" rel="next">
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         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
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         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/instructor/16-writing-functions.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2024-06-13",
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         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/18-style.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Programming Style... 
+          Next: Programming Style...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
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       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Variable Scope</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/17-scope.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-scope-of-a-variable-is-the-part-of-a-program-that-can-see-that-variable-">The scope of a variable is the part of a program that can ‘see’ that
 variable.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-scope-of-a-variable-is-the-part-of-a-program-that-can-see-that-variable."></a>
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-scope-of-a-variable-is-the-part-of-a-program-that-can-see-that-variable-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>There are only so many sensible names for variables.</li>
 <li>People using functions shouldn’t have to worry about what variable
 names the author of the function used.</li>
@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Writing Functions
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/18-style.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Programming Style... 
+          Next: Programming Style...
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       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/17-scope.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
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+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
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+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/instructor/17-scope.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
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-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
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@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
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         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
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             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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           Previous: Variable Scope
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/19-wrap.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Wrap-Up... 
+          Next: Wrap-Up...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Programming Style</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-07-29 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/18-style.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
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           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
@@ -485,8 +485,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="coding-style"><h2 class="section-heading">Coding style<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#coding-style"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="coding-style">Coding style<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#coding-style"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#coding-style"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>A consistent coding style helps others (including our future selves)
 read and understand code more easily. Code is read much more often than
 it is written, and as the <a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0020" class="external-link">Zen of Python</a>
@@ -499,8 +499,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <li>use white-space, <em>not</em> tabs, to indent lines (tabs can cause
 problems across different text editors, operating systems, and version
 control systems)</li>
-</ul></section><section id="follow-standard-python-style-in-your-code."><h2 class="section-heading">Follow standard Python style in your code.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#follow-standard-python-style-in-your-code."></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="follow-standard-python-style-in-your-code-">Follow standard Python style in your code.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#follow-standard-python-style-in-your-code."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#follow-standard-python-style-in-your-code-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>
 <a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008" class="external-link">PEP8</a>: a style
 guide for Python that discusses topics such as how to name variables,
@@ -524,8 +524,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 often more impactful than the particular style used. A consistent style
 will make your software easier to read and understand for others and for
 your future self.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="use-assertions-to-check-for-internal-errors."><h2 class="section-heading">Use assertions to check for internal errors.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-assertions-to-check-for-internal-errors."></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-assertions-to-check-for-internal-errors-">Use assertions to check for internal errors.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-assertions-to-check-for-internal-errors."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-assertions-to-check-for-internal-errors-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Assertions are a simple but powerful method for making sure that the
 context in which your code is executing is as you expect.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
@@ -543,8 +543,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 ‘-O’ (optimize) switch. Assertions should contain only simple checks and
 never change the state of the program. For example, an assertion should
 never contain an assignment.</p>
-</section><section id="use-docstrings-to-provide-builtin-help."><h2 class="section-heading">Use docstrings to provide builtin help.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-docstrings-to-provide-builtin-help."></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-docstrings-to-provide-builtin-help-">Use docstrings to provide builtin help.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-docstrings-to-provide-builtin-help."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-docstrings-to-provide-builtin-help-"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>If the first thing in a function is a character string that is not
 assigned directly to a variable, Python attaches it to the function,
 accessible via the builtin help function. This string that provides
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
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 </button>
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+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s one solution.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
@@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Variable Scope
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/19-wrap.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Wrap-Up... 
+          Next: Wrap-Up...
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="small-arrow" data-feather="arrow-right"></i>
         </a>
       </div>
@@ -805,18 +805,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
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+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/18-style.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
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         <h1>Wrap-Up</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
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 sloppy your thinking is.” The same is true of programming: many things
 that seem obvious when we’re thinking about them turn out to be anything
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-<section id="python-supports-a-large-and-diverse-community-across-academia-and-industry."><h2 class="section-heading">Python supports a large and diverse community across academia and
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li><p>The <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/" class="external-link">Python 3
 documentation</a> covers the core language and the standard
 library.</p></li>
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
           Previous: Programming Style
         </a>
         <a class="chapter-link float-end" href="../instructor/20-feedback.html" rel="next">
-          Next: Feedback... 
+          Next: Feedback...
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         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
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 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
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 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
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 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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 </div>
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="16-writing-functions.html">16. Writing Functions</a>
     </div>
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 </div>
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="17-scope.html">17. Variable Scope</a>
     </div>
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 </div>
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="18-style.html">18. Programming Style</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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 </div>
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="19-wrap.html">19. Wrap-Up</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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 </div>
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="20-feedback.html">20. Feedback</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
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+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -511,11 +511,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
             </div>
             <hr class="half-width resources">
 <a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none">
 <div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div>
 <!-- /div.accordion -->
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
 <section id="aio-01-run-quit"><p>Content from <a href="01-run-quit.html">Running and Quitting</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2024-04-15 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/01-run-quit.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 15 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -599,7 +599,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </ul>
 <p>Each notebook contains one or more cells that contain code, text, or
 images.</p>
-<section id="getting-started-with-jupyterlab"><h2 class="section-heading">Getting Started with JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-started-with-jupyterlab"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="getting-started-with-jupyterlab">Getting Started with JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-started-with-jupyterlab"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-started-with-jupyterlab"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>JupyterLab is an application server with a web user interface from <a href="https://jupyter.org/" class="external-link">Project Jupyter</a> that enables one to work
@@ -643,7 +644,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">JupyterLab? What about Jupyter notebooks?<a class="anc
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="starting-jupyterlab"><h2 class="section-heading">Starting JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#starting-jupyterlab"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="starting-jupyterlab">Starting JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#starting-jupyterlab"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#starting-jupyterlab"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>You can start the JupyterLab server through the command line or
@@ -709,7 +711,8 @@ <h3 id="anaconda-navigator">Anaconda Navigator<a class="anchor" aria-label="anch
 <p align="center">
 <img alt="JupyterLab landing page" src="../fig/0_jupyterlab_landing_page.png" width="750" class="figure"></p>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-jupyterlab-interface"><h2 class="section-heading">The JupyterLab Interface<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyterlab-interface"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-jupyterlab-interface">The JupyterLab Interface<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyterlab-interface"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyterlab-interface"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>JupyterLab has many features found in traditional integrated
@@ -811,7 +814,8 @@ <h3 id="main-work-area">Main Work Area<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 tab for the current activity is marked with a colored top border (blue
 by default).</p>
 </div>
-</section><section id="creating-a-python-script"><h2 class="section-heading">Creating a Python script<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-python-script"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="creating-a-python-script">Creating a Python script<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-python-script"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-python-script"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -832,7 +836,8 @@ <h3 id="main-work-area">Main Work Area<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 <li>This is convention, not a requirement.</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
-</ul></section><section id="creating-a-jupyter-notebook"><h2 class="section-heading">Creating a Jupyter Notebook<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-jupyter-notebook"></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="creating-a-jupyter-notebook">Creating a Jupyter Notebook<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-jupyter-notebook"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#creating-a-jupyter-notebook"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>To open a new notebook click the Python 3 icon under the
@@ -896,7 +901,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Arranging Documents into Panels of Tabs<a class="ancho
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>After creating the necessary tabs, you can drag one of the tabs to
 the center of a panel to move the tab to the panel; next you can
@@ -922,7 +927,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Code vs. Text<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hr
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-notebook-has-command-and-edit-modes."><h2 class="section-heading">The Notebook has Command and Edit modes.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-notebook-has-command-and-edit-modes."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-notebook-has-command-and-edit-modes-">The Notebook has Command and Edit modes.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-notebook-has-command-and-edit-modes."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-notebook-has-command-and-edit-modes-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -966,7 +972,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Command Vs. Edit<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor"
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Command mode has a grey border and Edit mode has a blue border. Use
 <kbd>Esc</kbd> and <kbd>Return</kbd> to switch between modes. You need
@@ -1189,7 +1195,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Creating Lists in Markdown<a class="anchor" aria-label
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>This challenge integrates both the numbered list and bullet list.
 Note that the bullet list is indented 2 spaces so that it is inline with
@@ -1230,7 +1236,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Python returns the output of the last calculation.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
@@ -1272,7 +1278,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The Python code gets treated like Markdown text. The lines appear as
 if they are part of one contiguous paragraph. This could be useful to
@@ -1310,7 +1316,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Equations<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution6">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The notebook shows the equation as it would be rendered from LaTeX
 equation syntax. The dollar sign, <code>$</code>, is used to tell
@@ -1328,7 +1334,8 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="closing-jupyterlab"><h2 class="section-heading">Closing JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#closing-jupyterlab"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="closing-jupyterlab">Closing JupyterLab<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#closing-jupyterlab"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#closing-jupyterlab"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -1375,7 +1382,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-02-variables"><p>Content from <a href="02-variables.html">Variables and Assignment</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/02-variables.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 20 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -1409,7 +1416,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="use-variables-to-store-values."><h2 class="section-heading">Use variables to store values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-variables-to-store-values."></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-variables-to-store-values-">Use variables to store values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-variables-to-store-values."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-variables-to-store-values-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -1443,7 +1451,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a>first_name <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">'Ahmed'</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </li>
-</ul></section><section id="use-print-to-display-values."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>print</code> to display values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-print-to-display-values."></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-print-to-display-values-">Use <code>print</code> to display values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-print-to-display-values."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-print-to-display-values-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -1474,7 +1483,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>print</code> automatically puts a single space between items
 to separate them.</li>
 <li>And wraps around to a new line at the end.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used."><h2 class="section-heading">Variables must be created before they are used.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used."></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used-">Variables must be created before they are used.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-must-be-created-before-they-are-used-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -1537,7 +1547,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="variables-can-be-used-in-calculations."><h2 class="section-heading">Variables can be used in calculations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-can-be-used-in-calculations."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="variables-can-be-used-in-calculations-">Variables can be used in calculations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-can-be-used-in-calculations."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-can-be-used-in-calculations-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -1559,7 +1570,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>Age in three years: 45</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string."><h2 class="section-heading">Use an index to get a single character from a string.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string-">Use an index to get a single character from a string.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-index-to-get-a-single-character-from-a-string-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -1588,7 +1600,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="va">h</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring."><h2 class="section-heading">Use a slice to get a substring.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring-">Use a slice to get a substring.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-slice-to-get-a-substring-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -1620,8 +1633,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="va">sod</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-the-built-in-function-len-to-find-the-length-of-a-string."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the built-in function <code>len</code> to find the length of a
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-built-in-function-len-to-find-the-length-of-a-string-">Use the built-in function <code>len</code> to find the length of a
 string.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-len-to-find-the-length-of-a-string."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-len-to-find-the-length-of-a-string-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
@@ -1637,7 +1651,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <ul>
 <li>Nested functions are evaluated from the inside out, like in
 mathematics.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="python-is-case-sensitive."><h2 class="section-heading">Python is case-sensitive.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-is-case-sensitive."></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="python-is-case-sensitive-">Python is case-sensitive.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-is-case-sensitive."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-is-case-sensitive-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -1645,7 +1660,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>Name</code> and <code>name</code> are different variables.</li>
 <li>There are conventions for using upper-case letters at the start of
 variable names so we will use lower-case letters for now.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="use-meaningful-variable-names."><h2 class="section-heading">Use meaningful variable names.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-meaningful-variable-names."></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-meaningful-variable-names-">Use meaningful variable names.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-meaningful-variable-names."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-meaningful-variable-names-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -1692,7 +1708,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1737,7 +1753,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb20">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1777,7 +1793,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Numbers are not strings or sequences and Python will raise an error
 if you try to perform an index operation on a number. In the <a href="03-types-conversion.html">next lesson on types and type
@@ -1835,7 +1851,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Choosing a Name<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" h
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p><code>minutes</code> is better because <code>min</code> might mean
 something like “minimum” (and actually is an existing built-in function
@@ -1867,7 +1883,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1917,7 +1933,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution6">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6"> Solutions </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>
@@ -1979,7 +1995,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-03-types-conversion"><p>Content from <a href="03-types-conversion.html">Data Types and Type Conversion</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/03-types-conversion.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 20 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -2015,7 +2031,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="every-value-has-a-type."><h2 class="section-heading">Every value has a type.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-value-has-a-type."></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="every-value-has-a-type-">Every value has a type.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-value-has-a-type."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-value-has-a-type-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2031,8 +2048,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <li>The quote marks aren’t printed when the string is displayed.</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
-</ul></section><section id="use-the-built-in-function-type-to-find-the-type-of-a-value."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the built-in function <code>type</code> to find the type of a
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-built-in-function-type-to-find-the-type-of-a-value-">Use the built-in function <code>type</code> to find the type of a
 value.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-type-to-find-the-type-of-a-value."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-type-to-find-the-type-of-a-value-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2066,8 +2084,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>&lt;class 'str'&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="types-control-what-operations-or-methods-can-be-performed-on-a-given-value."><h2 class="section-heading">Types control what operations (or methods) can be performed on a
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="types-control-what-operations-or-methods-can-be-performed-on-a-given-value-">Types control what operations (or methods) can be performed on a
 given value.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#types-control-what-operations-or-methods-can-be-performed-on-a-given-value."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#types-control-what-operations-or-methods-can-be-performed-on-a-given-value-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2098,7 +2117,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 
 TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'str' and 'str'</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="you-can-use-the-and-operators-on-strings."><h2 class="section-heading">You can use the “+” and “*” operators on strings.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#you-can-use-the-and-operators-on-strings."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="you-can-use-the-and-operators-on-strings-">You can use the “+” and “*” operators on strings.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#you-can-use-the-and-operators-on-strings."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#you-can-use-the-and-operators-on-strings-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2135,7 +2155,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>==========</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="strings-have-a-length-but-numbers-dont."><h2 class="section-heading">Strings have a length (but numbers don’t).<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#strings-have-a-length-but-numbers-dont."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="strings-have-a-length-but-numbers-dont-">Strings have a length (but numbers don’t).<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#strings-have-a-length-but-numbers-dont."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#strings-have-a-length-but-numbers-dont-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2170,8 +2191,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 
 TypeError: object of type 'int' has no len()</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="convert-numbers-and-strings"><h2 class="section-heading">Must convert numbers to strings or vice versa when operating on
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="convert-numbers-and-strings">Must convert numbers to strings or vice versa when operating on
 them.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convert-numbers-and-strings"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#convert-numbers-and-strings"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2210,7 +2232,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">3</span></span>
 <span><span class="fl">12</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="can-mix-integers-and-floats-freely-in-operations."><h2 class="section-heading">Can mix integers and floats freely in operations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-mix-integers-and-floats-freely-in-operations."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="can-mix-integers-and-floats-freely-in-operations-">Can mix integers and floats freely in operations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-mix-integers-and-floats-freely-in-operations."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-mix-integers-and-floats-freely-in-operations-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2232,7 +2255,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>half is 0.5
 three squared is 9.0</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="variables-only-change-value-when-something-is-assigned-to-them."><h2 class="section-heading">Variables only change value when something is assigned to them.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-only-change-value-when-something-is-assigned-to-them."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="variables-only-change-value-when-something-is-assigned-to-them-">Variables only change value when something is assigned to them.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-only-change-value-when-something-is-assigned-to-them."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variables-only-change-value-when-something-is-assigned-to-them-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2669,7 +2693,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-04-built-in"><p>Content from <a href="04-built-in.html">Built-in Functions and Help</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/04-built-in.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 25 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -2707,7 +2731,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs."><h2 class="section-heading">Use comments to add documentation to programs.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs."></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs-">Use comments to add documentation to programs.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comments-to-add-documentation-to-programs-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
@@ -2716,7 +2741,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># This sentence isn't executed by Python.</span></span>
 <span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a>adjustment <span class="op">=</span> <span class="fl">0.5</span>   <span class="co"># Neither is this - anything after '#' is ignored.</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments."><h2 class="section-heading">A function may take zero or more arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments-">A function may take zero or more arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-function-may-take-zero-or-more-arguments-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2752,7 +2778,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span></span>
 <span><span class="va">after</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="every-function-returns-something."><h2 class="section-heading">Every function returns something.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-function-returns-something."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="every-function-returns-something-">Every function returns something.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-function-returns-something."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#every-function-returns-something-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2773,8 +2800,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>example
 result of print is None</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="commonly-used-built-in-functions-include-max-min-and-round."><h2 class="section-heading">Commonly-used built-in functions include <code>max</code>,
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="commonly-used-built-in-functions-include-max-min-and-round-">Commonly-used built-in functions include <code>max</code>,
 <code>min</code>, and <code>round</code>.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#commonly-used-built-in-functions-include-max-min-and-round."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#commonly-used-built-in-functions-include-max-min-and-round-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2799,8 +2827,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">3</span></span>
 <span><span class="fl">0</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="functions-may-only-work-for-certain-combinations-of-arguments."><h2 class="section-heading">Functions may only work for certain (combinations of)
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="functions-may-only-work-for-certain-combinations-of-arguments-">Functions may only work for certain (combinations of)
 arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-only-work-for-certain-combinations-of-arguments."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-only-work-for-certain-combinations-of-arguments-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2828,7 +2857,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 
 TypeError: '&gt;' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments."><h2 class="section-heading">Functions may have default values for some arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments-">Functions may have default values for some arguments.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-have-default-values-for-some-arguments-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2859,7 +2889,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">3.7</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods"><h2 class="section-heading">Functions attached to objects are called methods<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods">Functions attached to objects are called methods<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-attached-to-objects-are-called-methods"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2907,8 +2938,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 HELLO WORLD
 True</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-the-built-in-function-help-to-get-help-for-a-function."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the built-in function <code>help</code> to get help for a
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-built-in-function-help-to-get-help-for-a-function-">Use the built-in function <code>help</code> to get help for a
 function.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-help-to-get-help-for-a-function."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-built-in-function-help-to-get-help-for-a-function-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2926,11 +2958,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 
 round(number, ndigits=None)
     Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits.
-    
+
     The return value is an integer if ndigits is omitted or None.  Otherwise
     the return value has the same type as the number.  ndigits may be negative.</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help."><h2 class="section-heading">The Jupyter Notebook has two ways to get help.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help-">The Jupyter Notebook has two ways to get help.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-jupyter-notebook-has-two-ways-to-get-help-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -2943,8 +2976,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </li>
 <li>Option 2: Type the function name in a cell with a question mark
 after it. Then run the cell.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="python-reports-a-syntax-error-when-it-cant-understand-the-source-of-a-program."><h2 class="section-heading">Python reports a syntax error when it can’t understand the source of
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="python-reports-a-syntax-error-when-it-cant-understand-the-source-of-a-program-">Python reports a syntax error when it can’t understand the source of
 a program.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-reports-a-syntax-error-when-it-cant-understand-the-source-of-a-program."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-reports-a-syntax-error-when-it-cant-understand-the-source-of-a-program-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -3007,8 +3041,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 occurred in cell 6 of our Notebook.</li>
 <li>Next is the problematic line of code, indicating the problem with a
 <code>^</code> pointer.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="runtime-error"><h2 class="section-heading">Python reports a runtime error when something goes wrong while a
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="runtime-error">Python reports a runtime error when something goes wrong while a
 program is executing.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#runtime-error"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#runtime-error"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
@@ -3263,13 +3298,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-05-coffee"><p>Content from <a href="05-coffee.html">Morning Coffee</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/05-coffee.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 0 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<section id="reflection-exercise"><h2 class="section-heading">Reflection exercise<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reflection-exercise"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="reflection-exercise">Reflection exercise<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reflection-exercise"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reflection-exercise"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Over coffee, reflect on and discuss the following:</p>
@@ -3282,7 +3318,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></section></section><section id="aio-06-libraries"><p>Content from <a href="06-libraries.html">Libraries</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/06-libraries.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 20 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -3319,8 +3355,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="most-of-the-power-of-a-programming-language-is-in-its-libraries."><h2 class="section-heading">Most of the power of a programming language is in its
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="most-of-the-power-of-a-programming-language-is-in-its-libraries-">Most of the power of a programming language is in its
 libraries.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#most-of-the-power-of-a-programming-language-is-in-its-libraries."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#most-of-the-power-of-a-programming-language-is-in-its-libraries-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -3354,7 +3391,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Libraries and modules<a class="anchor" aria-label="anc
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="a-program-must-import-a-library-module-before-using-it."><h2 class="section-heading">A program must import a library module before using it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-program-must-import-a-library-module-before-using-it."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-program-must-import-a-library-module-before-using-it-">A program must import a library module before using it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-program-must-import-a-library-module-before-using-it."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-program-must-import-a-library-module-before-using-it-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -3392,8 +3430,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>math</code>.</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
-</ul></section><section id="use-help-to-learn-about-the-contents-of-a-library-module."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>help</code> to learn about the contents of a library
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-help-to-learn-about-the-contents-of-a-library-module-">Use <code>help</code> to learn about the contents of a library
 module.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-help-to-learn-about-the-contents-of-a-library-module."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-help-to-learn-about-the-contents-of-a-library-module-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -3430,8 +3469,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
         Return the arc cosine (measured in radians) of x.
 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="import-specific-items-from-a-library-module-to-shorten-programs."><h2 class="section-heading">Import specific items from a library module to shorten
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="import-specific-items-from-a-library-module-to-shorten-programs-">Import specific items from a library module to shorten
 programs.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#import-specific-items-from-a-library-module-to-shorten-programs."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#import-specific-items-from-a-library-module-to-shorten-programs-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -3451,8 +3491,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>cos(pi) is -1.0</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="create-an-alias-for-a-library-module-when-importing-it-to-shorten-programs."><h2 class="section-heading">Create an alias for a library module when importing it to shorten
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="create-an-alias-for-a-library-module-when-importing-it-to-shorten-programs-">Create an alias for a library module when importing it to shorten
 programs.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#create-an-alias-for-a-library-module-when-importing-it-to-shorten-programs."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#create-an-alias-for-a-library-module-when-importing-it-to-shorten-programs-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -3922,7 +3963,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-07-reading-tabular"><p>Content from <a href="07-reading-tabular.html">Reading Tabular Data into DataFrames</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/07-reading-tabular.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 20 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -3955,7 +3996,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the Pandas library to do statistics on tabular data.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data."></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data-">Use the Pandas library to do statistics on tabular data.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-pandas-library-to-do-statistics-on-tabular-data-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4037,8 +4079,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-index_col-to-specify-that-a-columns-values-should-be-used-as-row-headings."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>index_col</code> to specify that a column’s values should
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-index_col-to-specify-that-a-columns-values-should-be-used-as-row-headings-">Use <code>index_col</code> to specify that a column’s values should
 be used as row headings.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-index_col-to-specify-that-a-columns-values-should-be-used-as-row-headings."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-index_col-to-specify-that-a-columns-values-should-be-used-as-row-headings-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4074,8 +4117,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Australia       23424.76683     26997.93657     30687.75473     34435.36744
 New Zealand     18363.32494     21050.41377     23189.80135     25185.00911</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-the-dataframe.info-method-to-find-out-more-about-a-dataframe."><h2 class="section-heading">Use the <code>DataFrame.info()</code> method to find out more about
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-the-dataframe-info-method-to-find-out-more-about-a-dataframe-">Use the <code>DataFrame.info()</code> method to find out more about
 a dataframe.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-dataframe.info-method-to-find-out-more-about-a-dataframe."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-the-dataframe-info-method-to-find-out-more-about-a-dataframe-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
@@ -4118,8 +4162,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li>Uses 208 bytes of memory.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="the-dataframe.columns-variable-stores-information-about-the-dataframes-columns."><h2 class="section-heading">The <code>DataFrame.columns</code> variable stores information about
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-dataframe-columns-variable-stores-information-about-the-dataframes-columns-">The <code>DataFrame.columns</code> variable stores information about
 the dataframe’s columns.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-dataframe.columns-variable-stores-information-about-the-dataframes-columns."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-dataframe-columns-variable-stores-information-about-the-dataframes-columns-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4145,7 +4190,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
        'gdpPercap_1992', 'gdpPercap_1997', 'gdpPercap_2002', 'gdpPercap_2007'],
       dtype='object')</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-dataframe.t-to-transpose-a-dataframe."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>DataFrame.T</code> to transpose a dataframe.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.t-to-transpose-a-dataframe."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-dataframe-t-to-transpose-a-dataframe-">Use <code>DataFrame.T</code> to transpose a dataframe.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.t-to-transpose-a-dataframe."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe-t-to-transpose-a-dataframe-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4176,8 +4222,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 gdpPercap_2002  30687.75473  23189.80135
 gdpPercap_2007  34435.36744  25185.00911</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-dataframe.describe-to-get-summary-statistics-about-data."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>DataFrame.describe()</code> to get summary statistics
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-dataframe-describe-to-get-summary-statistics-about-data-">Use <code>DataFrame.describe()</code> to get summary statistics
 about data.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.describe-to-get-summary-statistics-about-data."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe-describe-to-get-summary-statistics-about-data-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p><code>DataFrame.describe()</code> gets the summary statistics of only
@@ -4516,7 +4563,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-08-data-frames"><p>Content from <a href="08-data-frames.html">Pandas DataFrames</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-08-29 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/08-data-frames.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 30 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -4551,7 +4598,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="note-about-pandas-dataframesseries"><h2 class="section-heading">Note about Pandas DataFrames/Series<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#note-about-pandas-dataframesseries"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="note-about-pandas-dataframesseries">Note about Pandas DataFrames/Series<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#note-about-pandas-dataframesseries"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#note-about-pandas-dataframesseries"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>A <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.DataFrame.html" class="external-link">DataFrame</a>
@@ -4564,7 +4612,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <p>What makes Pandas so attractive is the powerful interface to access
 individual records of the table, proper handling of missing values, and
 relational-databases operations between DataFrames.</p>
-</section><section id="selecting-values"><h2 class="section-heading">Selecting values<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#selecting-values"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="selecting-values">Selecting values<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#selecting-values"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#selecting-values"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>To access a value at the position <code>[i,j]</code> of a DataFrame,
@@ -4573,8 +4622,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 identify the rows of the table; a row, then, has a <em>position</em>
 inside the table as well as a <em>label</em>, which uniquely identifies
 its <em>entry</em> in the DataFrame.</p>
-</section><section id="use-dataframe.iloc...-...-to-select-values-by-their-entry-position"><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>DataFrame.iloc[..., ...]</code> to select values by their
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-dataframe-iloc--------to-select-values-by-their-entry-position">Use <code>DataFrame.iloc[..., ...]</code> to select values by their
 (entry) position<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.iloc...-...-to-select-values-by-their-entry-position"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe-iloc--------to-select-values-by-their-entry-position"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4593,8 +4643,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">1601.056136</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-dataframe.loc...-...-to-select-values-by-their-entry-label."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>DataFrame.loc[..., ...]</code> to select values by their
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-dataframe-loc--------to-select-values-by-their-entry-label-">Use <code>DataFrame.loc[..., ...]</code> to select values by their
 (entry) label.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe.loc...-...-to-select-values-by-their-entry-label."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-dataframe-loc--------to-select-values-by-their-entry-label-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4610,7 +4661,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span><span class="fl">1601.056136</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>:</code> on its own to mean all columns or all rows.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows-">Use <code>:</code> on its own to mean all columns or all rows.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-on-its-own-to-mean-all-columns-or-all-rows-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4667,8 +4719,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>Also get the same result printing <code>data.gdpPercap_1952</code>
 (not recommended, because easily confused with <code>.</code> notation
 for methods)</li>
-</ul></section><section id="select-multiple-columns-or-rows-using-dataframe.loc-and-a-named-slice."><h2 class="section-heading">Select multiple columns or rows using <code>DataFrame.loc</code> and
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="select-multiple-columns-or-rows-using-dataframe-loc-and-a-named-slice-">Select multiple columns or rows using <code>DataFrame.loc</code> and
 a named slice.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-multiple-columns-or-rows-using-dataframe.loc-and-a-named-slice."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-multiple-columns-or-rows-using-dataframe-loc-and-a-named-slice-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
@@ -4691,7 +4744,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>loc</code> is inclusive at both ends</strong>, which differs from
 <strong>slicing using <code>iloc</code></strong>, where slicing
 indicates everything up to but not including the final index.</p>
-</section><section id="result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations."><h2 class="section-heading">Result of slicing can be used in further operations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations-">Result of slicing can be used in further operations.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#result-of-slicing-can-be-used-in-further-operations-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4726,7 +4780,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 gdpPercap_1972    7778.414017
 dtype: float64</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value."><h2 class="section-heading">Use comparisons to select data based on value.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value-">Use comparisons to select data based on value.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-comparisons-to-select-data-based-on-value-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4765,7 +4820,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 Norway                True           True           True
 Poland               False          False          False</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask."><h2 class="section-heading">Select values or NaN using a Boolean mask.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask-">Select values or NaN using a Boolean mask.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-values-or-nan-using-a-boolean-mask-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -4813,7 +4869,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 75%      13285.513523    15862.563915    18879.900590
 max      13450.401510    16361.876470    18965.055510</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="group-by-split-apply-combine"><h2 class="section-heading">Group By: split-apply-combine<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#group-by-split-apply-combine"></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="group-by-split-apply-combine">Group By: split-apply-combine<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#group-by-split-apply-combine"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#group-by-split-apply-combine"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div id="accordionInstructor1" class="accordion instructor-note accordion-flush">
@@ -4902,21 +4959,21 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>          gdpPercap_1952  gdpPercap_1957  gdpPercap_1962  gdpPercap_1967  \
-0.000000    36916.854200    46110.918793    56850.065437    71324.848786   
-0.333333    16790.046878    20942.456800    25744.935321    33567.667670   
-0.500000    11807.544405    14505.000150    18380.449470    21421.846200   
-1.000000   104317.277560   127332.008735   149989.154201   178000.350040   
+0.000000    36916.854200    46110.918793    56850.065437    71324.848786
+0.333333    16790.046878    20942.456800    25744.935321    33567.667670
+0.500000    11807.544405    14505.000150    18380.449470    21421.846200
+1.000000   104317.277560   127332.008735   149989.154201   178000.350040
 
           gdpPercap_1972  gdpPercap_1977  gdpPercap_1982  gdpPercap_1987  \
-0.000000    88569.346898   104459.358438   113553.768507   119649.599409   
-0.333333    45277.839976    53860.456750    59679.634020    64436.912960   
-0.500000    25377.727380    29056.145370    31914.712050    35517.678220   
-1.000000   215162.343140   241143.412730   263388.781960   296825.131210   
+0.000000    88569.346898   104459.358438   113553.768507   119649.599409
+0.333333    45277.839976    53860.456750    59679.634020    64436.912960
+0.500000    25377.727380    29056.145370    31914.712050    35517.678220
+1.000000   215162.343140   241143.412730   263388.781960   296825.131210
 
-          gdpPercap_1992  gdpPercap_1997  gdpPercap_2002  gdpPercap_2007  
-0.000000    92380.047256   103772.937598   118590.929863   149577.357928  
-0.333333    67918.093220    80876.051580   102086.795210   122803.729520  
-0.500000    36310.666080    40723.538700    45564.308390    51403.028210  
+          gdpPercap_1992  gdpPercap_1997  gdpPercap_2002  gdpPercap_2007
+0.000000    92380.047256   103772.937598   118590.929863   149577.357928
+0.333333    67918.093220    80876.051580   102086.795210   122803.729520
+0.500000    36310.666080    40723.538700    45564.308390    51403.028210
 1.000000   315238.235970   346930.926170   385109.939210   427850.333420</code></pre>
 </div>
 <div id="selection-of-individual-values" class="callout challenge">
@@ -4999,7 +5056,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>        gdpPercap_1952  gdpPercap_1957
-country                                
+country
 Albania     1601.056136     1942.284244
 Austria     6137.076492     8842.598030</code></pre>
 </div>
@@ -5008,7 +5065,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>        gdpPercap_1952  gdpPercap_1957  gdpPercap_1962
-country                                                
+country
 Albania     1601.056136     1942.284244     2312.888958
 Austria     6137.076492     8842.598030    10750.721110
 Belgium     8343.105127     9714.960623    10991.206760</code></pre>
@@ -5474,7 +5531,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-09-plotting"><p>Content from <a href="09-plotting.html">Plotting</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2024-03-17 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/09-plotting.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 30 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -5508,9 +5565,10 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python."><h2 class="section-heading">
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python-">
 <a href="https://matplotlib.org/" class="external-link"><code>matplotlib</code></a> is the
 most widely used scientific plotting library in Python.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#matplotlib-is-the-most-widely-used-scientific-plotting-library-in-python-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -5560,7 +5618,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-</section><section id="plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe."><h2 class="section-heading">Plot data directly from a <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.html" class="external-link"><code>Pandas dataframe</code></a>.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe-">Plot data directly from a <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.html" class="external-link"><code>Pandas dataframe</code></a>.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plot-data-directly-from-a-pandas-dataframe-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -5595,7 +5654,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb4-16"><a href="#cb4-16" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb4-17"><a href="#cb4-17" tabindex="-1"></a>data.loc[<span class="st">'Australia'</span>].plot()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="../fig/9_gdp_australia.svg" alt="GDP plot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section id="select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it."><h2 class="section-heading">Select and transform data, then plot it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it."></a>
+<figure><img src="../fig/9_gdp_australia.svg" alt="GDP plot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it-">Select and transform data, then plot it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#select-and-transform-data-then-plot-it-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -5609,7 +5669,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a>data.T.plot()</span>
 <span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" tabindex="-1"></a>plt.ylabel(<span class="st">'GDP per capita'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="../fig/9_gdp_australia_nz.svg" alt="GDP plot for Australia and New Zealand" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section id="many-styles-of-plot-are-available."><h2 class="section-heading">Many styles of plot are available.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#many-styles-of-plot-are-available."></a>
+<figure><img src="../fig/9_gdp_australia_nz.svg" alt="GDP plot for Australia and New Zealand" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="many-styles-of-plot-are-available-">Many styles of plot are available.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#many-styles-of-plot-are-available."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#many-styles-of-plot-are-available-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -5622,8 +5683,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" tabindex="-1"></a>data.T.plot(kind<span class="op">=</span><span class="st">'bar'</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" tabindex="-1"></a>plt.ylabel(<span class="st">'GDP per capita'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="../fig/9_gdp_bar.svg" alt="GDP barplot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section id="data-can-also-be-plotted-by-calling-the-matplotlib-plot-function-directly."><h2 class="section-heading">Data can also be plotted by calling the <code>matplotlib</code>
+<figure><img src="../fig/9_gdp_bar.svg" alt="GDP barplot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="data-can-also-be-plotted-by-calling-the-matplotlib-plot-function-directly-">Data can also be plotted by calling the <code>matplotlib</code>
 <code>plot</code> function directly.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#data-can-also-be-plotted-by-calling-the-matplotlib-plot-function-directly."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#data-can-also-be-plotted-by-calling-the-matplotlib-plot-function-directly-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -5632,7 +5694,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>The color and format of markers can also be specified as an
 additional optional argument e.g., <code>b-</code> is a blue line,
 <code>g--</code> is a green dashed line.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="get-australia-data-from-dataframe"><h2 class="section-heading">Get Australia data from dataframe<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#get-australia-data-from-dataframe"></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="get-australia-data-from-dataframe">Get Australia data from dataframe<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#get-australia-data-from-dataframe"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#get-australia-data-from-dataframe"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
@@ -5643,7 +5706,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" tabindex="-1"></a>plt.plot(years, gdp_australia, <span class="st">'g--'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<figure><img src="../fig/9_gdp_australia_formatted.svg" alt="GDP formatted plot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section id="can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together."><h2 class="section-heading">Can plot many sets of data together.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together."></a>
+<figure><img src="../fig/9_gdp_australia_formatted.svg" alt="GDP formatted plot for Australia" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together-">Can plot many sets of data together.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#can-plot-many-sets-of-data-together-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb8">
@@ -5742,7 +5806,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb14">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -5778,7 +5842,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Correlations<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb15">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -5820,7 +5884,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <figure><img src="../fig/9_correlations_solution2.png" alt="Correlations Solution 2" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Seems the variability in this value is due to a sharp drop after
 1972. Some geopolitics at play perhaps? Given the dominance of oil
@@ -5858,7 +5922,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <figure><img src="../fig/9_more_correlations_solution.svg" alt="More Correlations Solution" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>A good place to look is the documentation for the plot function -
 help(data_all.plot).</p>
@@ -5970,7 +6034,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-10-lunch"><p>Content from <a href="10-lunch.html">Lunch</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/10-lunch.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 0 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -5987,7 +6051,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></section><section id="aio-11-lists"><p>Content from <a href="11-lists.html">Lists</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-07-24 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/11-lists.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 20 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -6020,7 +6084,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure."><h2 class="section-heading">A list stores many values in a single structure.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure."></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure-">A list stores many values in a single structure.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-list-stores-many-values-in-a-single-structure-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6048,7 +6113,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>pressures: [0.273, 0.275, 0.277, 0.275, 0.276]
 length: 5</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list."><h2 class="section-heading">Use an item’s index to fetch it from a list.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list-">Use an item’s index to fetch it from a list.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-an-items-index-to-fetch-it-from-a-list-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6066,7 +6132,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>zeroth item of pressures: 0.273
 fourth item of pressures: 0.276</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them."><h2 class="section-heading">Lists’ values can be replaced by assigning to them.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them-">Lists’ values can be replaced by assigning to them.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-values-can-be-replaced-by-assigning-to-them-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6084,7 +6151,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>pressures is now: [0.265, 0.275, 0.277, 0.275, 0.276]</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it."><h2 class="section-heading">Appending items to a list lengthens it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it-">Appending items to a list lengthens it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#appending-items-to-a-list-lengthens-it-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6148,7 +6216,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 the list, appending a list to a list means the last element in
 <code>primes</code> will itself be a list, not an integer. Lists can
 contain values of any type; therefore, lists of lists are possible.</p>
-</section><section id="use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>del</code> to remove items from a list entirely.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely-">Use <code>del</code> to remove items from a list entirely.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-del-to-remove-items-from-a-list-entirely-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6172,7 +6241,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>primes before removing last item: [2, 3, 5, 7, 9]
 primes after removing last item: [2, 3, 5, 7]</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-empty-list-contains-no-values."><h2 class="section-heading">The empty list contains no values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-empty-list-contains-no-values."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-empty-list-contains-no-values-">The empty list contains no values.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-empty-list-contains-no-values."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-empty-list-contains-no-values-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6184,7 +6254,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </li>
 <li>Helpful as a starting point for collecting values (which we will see
 in the <a href="12-for-loops.html">next episode</a>).</li>
-</ul></section><section id="lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types."><h2 class="section-heading">Lists may contain values of different types.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types."></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types-">Lists may contain values of different types.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists-may-contain-values-of-different-types-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6195,7 +6266,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1" tabindex="-1"></a>goals <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="st">'Create lists.'</span>, <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="st">'Extract items from lists.'</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="st">'Modify lists.'</span>]</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists."><h2 class="section-heading">Character strings can be indexed like lists.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists-">Character strings can be indexed like lists.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-can-be-indexed-like-lists-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6215,7 +6287,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>zeroth character: c
 third character: b</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="character-strings-are-immutable."><h2 class="section-heading">Character strings are immutable.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-are-immutable."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="character-strings-are-immutable-">Character strings are immutable.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-are-immutable."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#character-strings-are-immutable-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6242,7 +6315,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </div>
 <ul>
 <li>Lists and character strings are both <em>collections</em>.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error."><h2 class="section-heading">Indexing beyond the end of the collection is an error.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error."></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error-">Indexing beyond the end of the collection is an error.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#indexing-beyond-the-end-of-the-collection-is-an-error-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6684,7 +6758,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-12-for-loops"><p>Content from <a href="12-for-loops.html">For Loops</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/12-for-loops.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 25 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -6719,8 +6793,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="a-for-loop-executes-commands-once-for-each-value-in-a-collection."><h2 class="section-heading">A <em>for loop</em> executes commands once for each value in a
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-for-loop-executes-commands-once-for-each-value-in-a-collection-">A <em>for loop</em> executes commands once for each value in a
 collection.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-for-loop-executes-commands-once-for-each-value-in-a-collection."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-for-loop-executes-commands-once-for-each-value-in-a-collection-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6757,8 +6832,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span><span class="fl">3</span></span>
 <span><span class="fl">5</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="a-for-loop-is-made-up-of-a-collection-a-loop-variable-and-a-body."><h2 class="section-heading">A <code>for</code> loop is made up of a collection, a loop variable,
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="a-for-loop-is-made-up-of-a-collection-a-loop-variable-and-a-body-">A <code>for</code> loop is made up of a collection, a loop variable,
 and a body.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-for-loop-is-made-up-of-a-collection-a-loop-variable-and-a-body."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#a-for-loop-is-made-up-of-a-collection-a-loop-variable-and-a-body-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb4">
@@ -6778,8 +6854,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>The “current thing”.</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
-</ul></section><section id="the-first-line-of-the-for-loop-must-end-with-a-colon-and-the-body-must-be-indented."><h2 class="section-heading">The first line of the <code>for</code> loop must end with a colon,
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-first-line-of-the-for-loop-must-end-with-a-colon-and-the-body-must-be-indented-">The first line of the <code>for</code> loop must end with a colon,
 and the body must be indented.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-first-line-of-the-for-loop-must-end-with-a-colon-and-the-body-must-be-indented."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-first-line-of-the-for-loop-must-end-with-a-colon-and-the-body-must-be-indented-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6824,7 +6901,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 <ul>
 <li>This error can be fixed by removing the extra spaces at the
 beginning of the second line.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="loop-variables-can-be-called-anything."><h2 class="section-heading">Loop variables can be called anything.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#loop-variables-can-be-called-anything."></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="loop-variables-can-be-called-anything-">Loop variables can be called anything.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#loop-variables-can-be-called-anything."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#loop-variables-can-be-called-anything-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6841,7 +6919,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> kitten <span class="kw">in</span> [<span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="dv">5</span>]:</span>
 <span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="bu">print</span>(kitten)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-body-of-a-loop-can-contain-many-statements."><h2 class="section-heading">The body of a loop can contain many statements.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-body-of-a-loop-can-contain-many-statements."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-body-of-a-loop-can-contain-many-statements-">The body of a loop can contain many statements.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-body-of-a-loop-can-contain-many-statements."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-body-of-a-loop-can-contain-many-statements-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6864,7 +6943,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 3 9 27
 5 25 125</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-range-to-iterate-over-a-sequence-of-numbers."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>range</code> to iterate over a sequence of numbers.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-range-to-iterate-over-a-sequence-of-numbers."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-range-to-iterate-over-a-sequence-of-numbers-">Use <code>range</code> to iterate over a sequence of numbers.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-range-to-iterate-over-a-sequence-of-numbers."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-range-to-iterate-over-a-sequence-of-numbers-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -6899,7 +6979,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 1
 2</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="the-accumulator-pattern-turns-many-values-into-one."><h2 class="section-heading">The Accumulator pattern turns many values into one.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-accumulator-pattern-turns-many-values-into-one."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-accumulator-pattern-turns-many-values-into-one-">The Accumulator pattern turns many values into one.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-accumulator-pattern-turns-many-values-into-one."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-accumulator-pattern-turns-many-values-into-one-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -7414,7 +7495,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-13-conditionals"><p>Content from <a href="13-conditionals.html">Conditionals</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2024-02-16 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/13-conditionals.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 25 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -7448,8 +7529,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="use-if-statements-to-control-whether-or-not-a-block-of-code-is-executed."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>if</code> statements to control whether or not a block of
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-if-statements-to-control-whether-or-not-a-block-of-code-is-executed-">Use <code>if</code> statements to control whether or not a block of
 code is executed.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-if-statements-to-control-whether-or-not-a-block-of-code-is-executed."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-if-statements-to-control-whether-or-not-a-block-of-code-is-executed-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -7480,7 +7562,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>3.54 is large</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="conditionals-are-often-used-inside-loops."><h2 class="section-heading">Conditionals are often used inside loops.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditionals-are-often-used-inside-loops."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="conditionals-are-often-used-inside-loops-">Conditionals are often used inside loops.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditionals-are-often-used-inside-loops."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditionals-are-often-used-inside-loops-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -7502,8 +7585,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>3.54 is large
 9.22 is large</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-else-to-execute-a-block-of-code-when-an-if-condition-is-not-true."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>else</code> to execute a block of code when an
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-else-to-execute-a-block-of-code-when-an-if-condition-is-not-true-">Use <code>else</code> to execute a block of code when an
 <code>if</code> condition is <em>not</em> true.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-else-to-execute-a-block-of-code-when-an-if-condition-is-not-true."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-else-to-execute-a-block-of-code-when-an-if-condition-is-not-true-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -7531,7 +7615,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 1.86 is small
 1.71 is small</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-elif-to-specify-additional-tests."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>elif</code> to specify additional tests.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-elif-to-specify-additional-tests."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-elif-to-specify-additional-tests-">Use <code>elif</code> to specify additional tests.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-elif-to-specify-additional-tests."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-elif-to-specify-additional-tests-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -7564,7 +7649,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 1.86 is small
 1.71 is small</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="conditions-are-tested-once-in-order."><h2 class="section-heading">Conditions are tested once, in order.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditions-are-tested-once-in-order."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="conditions-are-tested-once-in-order-">Conditions are tested once, in order.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditions-are-tested-once-in-order."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditions-are-tested-once-in-order-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -7640,8 +7726,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 moving too slow
 final velocity: 30.0</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="create-a-table-showing-variables-values-to-trace-a-programs-execution."><h2 class="section-heading">Create a table showing variables’ values to trace a program’s
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="create-a-table-showing-variables-values-to-trace-a-programs-execution-">Create a table showing variables’ values to trace a program’s
 execution.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#create-a-table-showing-variables-values-to-trace-a-programs-execution."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#create-a-table-showing-variables-values-to-trace-a-programs-execution-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <table class="table">
@@ -7799,7 +7886,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -7846,7 +7933,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -7892,7 +7979,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb24">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -7941,7 +8028,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb26">
 <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -8018,7 +8105,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-14-looping-data-sets"><p>Content from <a href="14-looping-data-sets.html">Looping Over Data Sets</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/14-looping-data-sets.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 15 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -8053,8 +8140,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="use-a-for-loop-to-process-files-given-a-list-of-their-names."><h2 class="section-heading">Use a <code>for</code> loop to process files given a list of their
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-a-for-loop-to-process-files-given-a-list-of-their-names-">Use a <code>for</code> loop to process files given a list of their
 names.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-for-loop-to-process-files-given-a-list-of-their-names."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-a-for-loop-to-process-files-given-a-list-of-their-names-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -8091,8 +8179,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 gdpPercap_2007    944
 dtype: float64</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-glob.glob-to-find-sets-of-files-whose-names-match-a-pattern."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/glob.html#glob.glob" class="external-link"><code>glob.glob</code></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-glob-glob-to-find-sets-of-files-whose-names-match-a-pattern-">Use <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/glob.html#glob.glob" class="external-link"><code>glob.glob</code></a>
 to find sets of files whose names match a pattern.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-glob.glob-to-find-sets-of-files-whose-names-match-a-pattern."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-glob-glob-to-find-sets-of-files-whose-names-match-a-pattern-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -8138,8 +8227,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>all PDB files: []</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="use-glob-and-for-to-process-batches-of-files."><h2 class="section-heading">Use <code>glob</code> and <code>for</code> to process batches of
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-glob-and-for-to-process-batches-of-files-">Use <code>glob</code> and <code>for</code> to process batches of
 files.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-glob-and-for-to-process-batches-of-files."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-glob-and-for-to-process-batches-of-files-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -8370,13 +8460,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-15-coffee"><p>Content from <a href="15-coffee.html">Afternoon Coffee</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/15-coffee.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 0 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
           <button role="button" aria-pressed="false" tabindex="0" id="expand-code" class="pull-right" data-expand="Expand All Solutions " data-collapse="Collapse All Solutions "> Expand All Solutions <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="plus"></i></button>
         </div>
-<section id="reflection-exercise"><h2 class="section-heading">Reflection exercise<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reflection-exercise"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="reflection-exercise">Reflection exercise<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reflection-exercise"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reflection-exercise"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Over break, reflect on and discuss the following:</p>
@@ -8394,7 +8485,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </ul></section></section><section id="aio-16-writing-functions"><p>Content from <a href="16-writing-functions.html">Writing Functions</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2024-06-13 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/16-writing-functions.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 25 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -8428,8 +8519,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="break-programs-down-into-functions-to-make-them-easier-to-understand."><h2 class="section-heading">Break programs down into functions to make them easier to
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="break-programs-down-into-functions-to-make-them-easier-to-understand-">Break programs down into functions to make them easier to
 understand.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#break-programs-down-into-functions-to-make-them-easier-to-understand."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#break-programs-down-into-functions-to-make-them-easier-to-understand-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -8454,8 +8546,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <li>Write one time, use many times.</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
-</ul></section><section id="define-a-function-using-def-with-a-name-parameters-and-a-block-of-code."><h2 class="section-heading">Define a function using <code>def</code> with a name, parameters,
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="define-a-function-using-def-with-a-name-parameters-and-a-block-of-code-">Define a function using <code>def</code> with a name, parameters,
 and a block of code.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#define-a-function-using-def-with-a-name-parameters-and-a-block-of-code."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#define-a-function-using-def-with-a-name-parameters-and-a-block-of-code-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -8482,7 +8575,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">'The weather is nice today.'</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="bu">print</span>(<span class="st">'Right?'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="defining-a-function-does-not-run-it."><h2 class="section-heading">Defining a function does not run it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#defining-a-function-does-not-run-it."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="defining-a-function-does-not-run-it-">Defining a function does not run it.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#defining-a-function-does-not-run-it."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#defining-a-function-does-not-run-it-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -8503,8 +8597,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>Hello!</code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="arguments-in-a-function-call-are-matched-to-its-defined-parameters."><h2 class="section-heading">Arguments in a function call are matched to its defined
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="arguments-in-a-function-call-are-matched-to-its-defined-parameters-">Arguments in a function call are matched to its defined
 parameters.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#arguments-in-a-function-call-are-matched-to-its-defined-parameters."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#arguments-in-a-function-call-are-matched-to-its-defined-parameters-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -8553,8 +8648,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <li>Via <a href="https://twitter.com/minisciencegirl/status/693486088963272705" class="external-link">Twitter</a>:
 <code>()</code> contains the ingredients for the function while the body
 contains the recipe.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="functions-may-return-a-result-to-their-caller-using-return."><h2 class="section-heading">Functions may return a result to their caller using
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="functions-may-return-a-result-to-their-caller-using-return-">Functions may return a result to their caller using
 <code>return</code>.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-return-a-result-to-their-caller-using-return."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#functions-may-return-a-result-to-their-caller-using-return-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -9326,7 +9422,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-17-scope"><p>Content from <a href="17-scope.html">Variable Scope</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/17-scope.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 20 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -9362,8 +9458,9 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="the-scope-of-a-variable-is-the-part-of-a-program-that-can-see-that-variable."><h2 class="section-heading">The scope of a variable is the part of a program that can ‘see’ that
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="the-scope-of-a-variable-is-the-part-of-a-program-that-can-see-that-variable-">The scope of a variable is the part of a program that can ‘see’ that
 variable.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-scope-of-a-variable-is-the-part-of-a-program-that-can-see-that-variable."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#the-scope-of-a-variable-is-the-part-of-a-program-that-can-see-that-variable-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
@@ -9531,7 +9628,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-18-style"><p>Content from <a href="18-style.html">Programming Style</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-07-29 |
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/18-style.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 30 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
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 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="coding-style"><h2 class="section-heading">Coding style<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#coding-style"></a>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="coding-style">Coding style<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#coding-style"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#coding-style"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>A consistent coding style helps others (including our future selves)
@@ -9583,7 +9681,8 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <li>use white-space, <em>not</em> tabs, to indent lines (tabs can cause
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 control systems)</li>
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+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="follow-standard-python-style-in-your-code-">Follow standard Python style in your code.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#follow-standard-python-style-in-your-code."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#follow-standard-python-style-in-your-code-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
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 often more impactful than the particular style used. A consistent style
 will make your software easier to read and understand for others and for
 your future self.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="use-assertions-to-check-for-internal-errors."><h2 class="section-heading">Use assertions to check for internal errors.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-assertions-to-check-for-internal-errors."></a>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-assertions-to-check-for-internal-errors-">Use assertions to check for internal errors.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-assertions-to-check-for-internal-errors."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-assertions-to-check-for-internal-errors-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>Assertions are a simple but powerful method for making sure that the
@@ -9630,7 +9730,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 ‘-O’ (optimize) switch. Assertions should contain only simple checks and
 never change the state of the program. For example, an assertion should
 never contain an assignment.</p>
-</section><section id="use-docstrings-to-provide-builtin-help."><h2 class="section-heading">Use docstrings to provide builtin help.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-docstrings-to-provide-builtin-help."></a>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="use-docstrings-to-provide-builtin-help-">Use docstrings to provide builtin help.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-docstrings-to-provide-builtin-help."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#use-docstrings-to-provide-builtin-help-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <p>If the first thing in a function is a character string that is not
@@ -9749,7 +9850,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb7">
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-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
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 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
@@ -9877,7 +9978,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </section></section><section id="aio-19-wrap"><p>Content from <a href="19-wrap.html">Wrap-Up</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
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 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 20 minutes</p>
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 sloppy your thinking is.” The same is true of programming: many things
 that seem obvious when we’re thinking about them turn out to be anything
 but when we have to explain them precisely.</p>
-<section id="python-supports-a-large-and-diverse-community-across-academia-and-industry."><h2 class="section-heading">Python supports a large and diverse community across academia and
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="python-supports-a-large-and-diverse-community-across-academia-and-industry-">Python supports a large and diverse community across academia and
 industry.<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-supports-a-large-and-diverse-community-across-academia-and-industry."></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#python-supports-a-large-and-diverse-community-across-academia-and-industry-"></a>
 </h2>
 <hr class="half-width">
 <ul>
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 </section></section><section id="aio-20-feedback"><p>Content from <a href="20-feedback.html">Feedback</a></p>
 <hr>
 <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
-        
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/20-feedback.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 15 minutes</p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -10011,18 +10113,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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@@ -10047,8 +10149,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
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   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/instructor/aio.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-09",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
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diff --git a/instructor/design.html b/instructor/design.html
index 424bdbe34..1e6f3c12b 100644
--- a/instructor/design.html
+++ b/instructor/design.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
             </li>
           </ul></li>
       </div>
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             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none"><div class="d-grid gap-1">
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       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Lesson Design</h1>
         <p>Last updated on 2023-05-02 |
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/instructors/design.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
-        
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         </div>
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 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<section id="process-used"><h2 class="section-heading">Process Used<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#process-used"></a>
-</h2>
+<section><h2 class="section-heading" id="process-used">Process Used<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#process-used"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#process-used"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><blockquote>
 <p>Michael Pollan’s advice if he taught R or Python programming:</p>
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Write code.</li>
@@ -481,8 +481,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Help Wanted<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <li><p>Learning plan: each episode has a heading that summarizes what
 will be covered, then estimates time that will be spent on teaching and
 on exercises, while the exercises are given as bullet points.</p></li>
-</ol></section><section id="stage-1-assumptions"><h2 class="section-heading">Stage 1: Assumptions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#stage-1-assumptions"></a>
-</h2>
+</ol></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="stage-1-assumptions">Stage 1: Assumptions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#stage-1-assumptions"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#stage-1-assumptions"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Audience
 <ul><li>Graduate students in numerate disciplines from cosmology to
 archaeology</li>
@@ -545,8 +545,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Help Wanted<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <li>So use MCQs, fill-in-the-blanks, Parsons Problems, “tweak this
 code”, etc.</li>
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-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="stage-2-desired-results">Stage 2: Desired Results<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#stage-2-desired-results"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#stage-2-desired-results"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div class="section level3">
 <h3 id="questions">Questions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#questions"></a></h3>
 <p>How do I…</p>
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 <li>…where to find documentation on standard libraries</li>
 <li>…how to find out what else scientific Python offers</li>
 </ul></div>
-</section><section id="stage-3-learning-plan"><h2 class="section-heading">Stage 3: Learning Plan<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#stage-3-learning-plan"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="stage-3-learning-plan">Stage 3: Learning Plan<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#stage-3-learning-plan"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#stage-3-learning-plan"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><div class="section level3">
 <h3 id="summative-assessment">Summative Assessment<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#summative-assessment"></a></h3>
 <ul><li>Midpoint: create time-series plot for each file in a directory.</li>
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         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
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         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
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         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/learners/exercises.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
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         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
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         <a href="index.html">Summary and Schedule</a>
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             </div>
             <hr class="half-width resources">
 <a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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@@ -642,18 +642,18 @@ <h3 id="09-plotting-figure-12">Figure 12</h3>
 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
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 			</div>
@@ -678,8 +678,8 @@ <h3 id="09-plotting-figure-12">Figure 12</h3>
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   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
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 }
 
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         <a href="04-built-in.html">4. Built-in Functions and Help</a>
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         <a href="05-coffee.html">5. Morning Coffee</a>
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             <hr class="half-width resources"><a href="../instructor/aio.html">See all in one page</a>
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@@ -650,15 +650,15 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Prerequisites<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hre
 </tr></tbody></table><p>
       The actual schedule may vary slightly depending on the topics and exercises chosen by the instructor.
       </p>
-      </section><section id="setup"><section id="getting-the-data"><h2 class="section-heading">Getting the Data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-the-data"></a>
-</h2>
+      </section><section id="setup"><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="getting-the-data">Getting the Data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-the-data"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#getting-the-data"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>The data we will be using is taken from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapminder_Foundation" class="external-link">gapminder</a>
 dataset. To obtain it, download and unzip the file <a href="../files/python-novice-gapminder-data.zip">python-novice-gapminder-data.zip</a>.
 In order to follow the presented material, you should launch the
 JupyterLab server in the root directory (see <a href="01-run-quit.html#starting-jupyterlab">Starting
 JupyterLab</a>).</p>
-</section><section id="installing-python-using-anaconda"><h2 class="section-heading">Installing Python Using Anaconda<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#installing-python-using-anaconda"></a>
-</h2>
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="installing-python-using-anaconda">Installing Python Using Anaconda<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#installing-python-using-anaconda"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#installing-python-using-anaconda"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Please refer to the <a href="https://carpentries.github.io/workshop-template/install_instructions/#python" class="external-link">Python
 section of the workshop website for installation instructions.</a></p>
 </section></section></main><nav class="bottom-pagination mx-md-4" aria-label="Next Chapter"><!-- content for small screens --><div class="d-block d-sm-block d-md-none">
@@ -675,18 +675,18 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Prerequisites<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hre
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/index.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
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 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Python files have the <code>.py</code> extension.</li>
 <li>Can be written in a text file or a <a href="https://jupyter.org/" class="external-link">Jupyter Notebook</a>.
 <ul><li>Jupyter notebooks have the extension <code>.ipynb</code>
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 <li>Integers and floating point numbers are defined without
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 </ul></li>
 <li>Use <code>len(...)</code> to find the length of a variable or
 string.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="data-types-and-type-conversion"><h2 class="section-heading">
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 <ul><li>
 <code>int</code> represents an integer</li>
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 <li>Convert integer to string: <code>str(...)</code>.</li>
 </ul></li>
 </ul></li>
-</ul></section><section id="built-in-functions-and-help"><h2 class="section-heading">
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 <a href="04-built-in.html">Built-in Functions and Help</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#built-in-functions-and-help"></a>
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 with to be executed.</li>
 <li>Commonly used built-in functions:
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 pressing <code>tab</code> in Jupyter Notebooks.</li>
 </ul></li>
 </ul></li>
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Importing a library:
 <ul><li>Use <code>import ...</code> to load a library.</li>
 <li>Refer to this library by using <code>module_name.thing_name</code>.
@@ -554,10 +554,10 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
 <li>Importing the plotting library as an alias:
 <code>import matplotlib as mpl</code>
 </li>
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Use the pandas library to do statistics on tabular data. Load with
 <code>import pandas as pd</code>.
 <ul><li>To read in a csv: <code>pd.read_csv()</code>, including the path
@@ -574,9 +574,9 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
 <li>Use <code>DataFrame.T</code> to transpose a DataFrame.</li>
 <li>Use <code>DataFrame.describe</code> to get summary statistics about
 your data.</li>
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-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#pandas-dataframes"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Select data using <code>[i,j]</code>
 <ul><li>To select by entry position: <code>DataFrame.iloc[..., ...]</code>
 <ul><li>This is inclusive of everything except the final index.</li>
@@ -596,9 +596,9 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
 <code>data.apply(lambda x: x &gt; x.mean())</code> where
 <code>mean()</code> can be any operation the user would like to be
 applied to x.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="plotting"><h2 class="section-heading">
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="plotting">
 <a href="09-plotting.html">Plotting</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plotting"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#plotting"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>The most widely used plotting library is <code>matplotlib</code>.
 <ul><li>Usually imported using
 <code>import matplotlib.pyplot as plt</code>.</li>
@@ -629,9 +629,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>plt.ylabel(<span class="st">'y axis label'</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" tabindex="-1"></a>plt.legend()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="lists"><h2 class="section-heading">
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="lists">
 <a href="11-lists.html">Lists</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Defined within <code>[...]</code> and separated by <code>,</code>.
 <ul><li>An empty list can be created by using <code>[]</code>.</li>
 </ul></li>
@@ -647,9 +647,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>list_name_1.extend(list_name_2)</code>.</li>
 <li>To remove an item from a list use
 <code>del list_name[index]</code>.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="for-loops"><h2 class="section-heading">
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="for-loops">
 <a href="12-for-loops.html">For Loops</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#for-loops"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#for-loops"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Start a for loop with <code>for number in [1, 2, 3]:</code>, with
 the following lines indented.
 <ul><li>
@@ -667,9 +667,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> number <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">0</span>,<span class="dv">5</span>):</span>
 <span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="bu">print</span>(number)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="conditionals"><h2 class="section-heading">
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="conditionals">
 <a href="13-conditionals.html">Conditionals</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditionals"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditionals"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Defined similarly to a loop, using
 <code>if variable conditional value:</code>.
 <ul><li>For example, <code>if variable &gt; 5:</code>.</li>
@@ -702,9 +702,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">else</span>:</span>
 <span id="cb3-7"><a href="#cb3-7" tabindex="-1"></a>        <span class="bu">print</span>(m, <span class="st">'is small'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="looping-over-data-sets"><h2 class="section-heading">
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="looping-over-data-sets">
 <a href="14-looping-data-sets.html">Looping Over Data Sets</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#looping-over-data-sets"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#looping-over-data-sets"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Use a for loop: <code>for filename in [file1, file2]:</code>
 </li>
 <li>To find a set of files using a pattern use <code>glob.glob</code>
@@ -726,9 +726,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> filename <span class="kw">in</span> glob.glob(<span class="op">*</span>.txt):</span>
 <span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  data <span class="op">=</span> pd.read_csv(filename)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="writing-functions"><h2 class="section-heading">
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="writing-functions">
 <a href="16-writing-functions.html">Writing Functions</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#writing-functions"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#writing-functions"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Define a function using <code>def function_name(parameters):</code>.
 Replace <code>parameters</code> with the variables to use when the
 function is executed.</li>
@@ -744,24 +744,24 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" tabindex="-1"></a>add_numbers(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="variable-scope"><h2 class="section-heading">
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="variable-scope">
 <a href="17-scope.html">Variable Scope</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variable-scope"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variable-scope"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>A local variable is defined in a function and can only be seen and
 used within that function.</li>
 <li>A global variable is defined outside of a function and can be seen
 or used anywhere after definition.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="programming-style"><h2 class="section-heading">
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="programming-style">
 <a href="18-style.html">Programming Style</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#programming-style"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#programming-style"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Document your code.</li>
 <li>Use clear and meaningful variable names.</li>
 <li>Follow <a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008" class="external-link">the PEP8
 style guide</a> when setting up your code.</li>
 <li>Use assertions to check for internal errors.</li>
 <li>Use docstrings to provide help.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="glossary"><h2 class="section-heading">Glossary<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#glossary"></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="glossary">Glossary<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#glossary"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#glossary"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><dl><dt>Arguments</dt>
 <dd>
 Values passed to functions.
@@ -861,18 +861,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/learners/reference.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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@@ -897,7 +897,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/instructor/reference.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2023-08-19",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/key-points.html b/key-points.html
index a1033a01d..618d26e19 100644
--- a/key-points.html
+++ b/key-points.html
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
           </ul>
 </li>
       </div>
-      
+
       <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
 <!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div>
 <!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr>
 </div>
 <!--/div.mobile-row -->
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="01-run-quit.html">1. Running and Quitting</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="02-variables.html">2. Variables and Assignment</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="03-types-conversion.html">3. Data Types and Type Conversion</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="04-built-in.html">4. Built-in Functions and Help</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="05-coffee.html">5. Morning Coffee</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="06-libraries.html">6. Libraries</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="07-reading-tabular.html">7. Reading Tabular Data into DataFrames</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="08-data-frames.html">8. Pandas DataFrames</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="09-plotting.html">9. Plotting</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="10-lunch.html">10. Lunch</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="11-lists.html">11. Lists</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="12-for-loops.html">12. For Loops</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="13-conditionals.html">13. Conditionals</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="14-looping-data-sets.html">14. Looping Over Data Sets</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="15-coffee.html">15. Afternoon Coffee</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="16-writing-functions.html">16. Writing Functions</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="17-scope.html">17. Variable Scope</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="18-style.html">18. Programming Style</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="19-wrap.html">19. Wrap-Up</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
         <a href="20-feedback.html">20. Feedback</a>
     </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div>
 <!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div>
@@ -507,11 +507,11 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
             </div>
             <hr class="half-width resources">
 <a href="aio.html">See all in one page</a>
-            
+
 
             <hr class="d-none d-sm-block d-md-none">
 <div class="d-grid gap-1">
-            
+
             </div>
           </div>
 <!-- /div.accordion -->
@@ -728,18 +728,18 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
 <div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/README.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
 			</div>
@@ -764,8 +764,8 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/key-points.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/key-points.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-09",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/pkgdown.yml b/pkgdown.yml
index 3df6b083e..a67d207d1 100644
--- a/pkgdown.yml
+++ b/pkgdown.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 pandoc: 3.1.11
-pkgdown: 2.0.9
+pkgdown: 2.1.0
 pkgdown_sha: ~
 articles: {}
-last_built: 2024-07-02T00:10Z
-
+last_built: 2024-07-09T00:10Z
diff --git a/profiles.html b/profiles.html
index 5e3b46395..970d5a481 100644
--- a/profiles.html
+++ b/profiles.html
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
             </li>
           </ul></li>
       </div>
-      
+
       <div class="dropdown" id="instructor-dropdown">
         <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle bordered-button" type="button" id="dropdownMenu1" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">
           <i aria-hidden="true" class="icon" data-feather="eye"></i> Learner View <i data-feather="chevron-down"></i>
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingNine">
                 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
               </div><!--div.sidenav-view-selector -->
             </div><!--/div.col -->
-      
+
             <hr></div><!--/div.mobile-row -->
 
           <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="accordionFlush11">
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading1">
         <a href="index.html">Summary and Setup</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading2">
         <a href="01-run-quit.html">1. Running and Quitting</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading3">
         <a href="02-variables.html">2. Variables and Assignment</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading4">
         <a href="03-types-conversion.html">3. Data Types and Type Conversion</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading5">
         <a href="04-built-in.html">4. Built-in Functions and Help</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
-        
+
   </div><!--/div.accordion-item-->
 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading6">
         <a href="05-coffee.html">5. Morning Coffee</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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+
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 </div><!--/div.accordion-flush-->
 
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header chapters" id="flush-headingEleven">
     <div class="accordion-header" id="flush-heading7">
         <a href="06-libraries.html">6. Libraries</a>
     </div><!--/div.accordion-header-->
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+
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 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
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-  "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
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+  "dateModified": "2024-07-09",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Python files have the <code>.py</code> extension.</li>
 <li>Can be written in a text file or a <a href="https://jupyter.org/" class="external-link">Jupyter Notebook</a>.
 <ul><li>Jupyter notebooks have the extension <code>.ipynb</code>
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 code.</li>
 </ul></li>
 </ul></li>
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 <ul><li>Strings are defined in quotations <code>'...'</code>.</li>
 <li>Integers and floating point numbers are defined without
@@ -487,10 +487,10 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
 </ul></li>
 <li>Use <code>len(...)</code> to find the length of a variable or
 string.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="data-types-and-type-conversion"><h2 class="section-heading">
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 Conversion</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#data-types-and-type-conversion"></a>
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 <ul><li>
 <code>int</code> represents an integer</li>
@@ -510,9 +510,9 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
 <li>Convert integer to string: <code>str(...)</code>.</li>
 </ul></li>
 </ul></li>
-</ul></section><section id="built-in-functions-and-help"><h2 class="section-heading">
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="built-in-functions-and-help">
 <a href="04-built-in.html">Built-in Functions and Help</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#built-in-functions-and-help"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#built-in-functions-and-help"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>To add a comment, place <code>#</code> before the thing you do not
 with to be executed.</li>
 <li>Commonly used built-in functions:
@@ -529,9 +529,9 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
 pressing <code>tab</code> in Jupyter Notebooks.</li>
 </ul></li>
 </ul></li>
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Importing a library:
 <ul><li>Use <code>import ...</code> to load a library.</li>
 <li>Refer to this library by using <code>module_name.thing_name</code>.
@@ -552,10 +552,10 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
 <li>Importing the plotting library as an alias:
 <code>import matplotlib as mpl</code>
 </li>
-</ul></section><section id="reading-tabular-data-into-dataframes"><h2 class="section-heading">
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="reading-tabular-data-into-dataframes">
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 DataFrames</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reading-tabular-data-into-dataframes"></a>
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+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#reading-tabular-data-into-dataframes"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Use the pandas library to do statistics on tabular data. Load with
 <code>import pandas as pd</code>.
 <ul><li>To read in a csv: <code>pd.read_csv()</code>, including the path
@@ -572,9 +572,9 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
 <li>Use <code>DataFrame.T</code> to transpose a DataFrame.</li>
 <li>Use <code>DataFrame.describe</code> to get summary statistics about
 your data.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="pandas-dataframes"><h2 class="section-heading">
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Select data using <code>[i,j]</code>
 <ul><li>To select by entry position: <code>DataFrame.iloc[..., ...]</code>
 <ul><li>This is inclusive of everything except the final index.</li>
@@ -594,9 +594,9 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
 <code>data.apply(lambda x: x &gt; x.mean())</code> where
 <code>mean()</code> can be any operation the user would like to be
 applied to x.</li>
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 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>The most widely used plotting library is <code>matplotlib</code>.
 <ul><li>Usually imported using
 <code>import matplotlib.pyplot as plt</code>.</li>
@@ -627,9 +627,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>plt.ylabel(<span class="st">'y axis label'</span>)</span>
 <span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" tabindex="-1"></a>plt.legend()</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="lists"><h2 class="section-heading">
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="lists">
 <a href="11-lists.html">Lists</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#lists"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Defined within <code>[...]</code> and separated by <code>,</code>.
 <ul><li>An empty list can be created by using <code>[]</code>.</li>
 </ul></li>
@@ -645,9 +645,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <code>list_name_1.extend(list_name_2)</code>.</li>
 <li>To remove an item from a list use
 <code>del list_name[index]</code>.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="for-loops"><h2 class="section-heading">
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="for-loops">
 <a href="12-for-loops.html">For Loops</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#for-loops"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#for-loops"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Start a for loop with <code>for number in [1, 2, 3]:</code>, with
 the following lines indented.
 <ul><li>
@@ -665,9 +665,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> number <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="bu">range</span>(<span class="dv">0</span>,<span class="dv">5</span>):</span>
 <span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="bu">print</span>(number)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="conditionals"><h2 class="section-heading">
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="conditionals">
 <a href="13-conditionals.html">Conditionals</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditionals"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#conditionals"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Defined similarly to a loop, using
 <code>if variable conditional value:</code>.
 <ul><li>For example, <code>if variable &gt; 5:</code>.</li>
@@ -700,9 +700,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="cf">else</span>:</span>
 <span id="cb3-7"><a href="#cb3-7" tabindex="-1"></a>        <span class="bu">print</span>(m, <span class="st">'is small'</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="looping-over-data-sets"><h2 class="section-heading">
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="looping-over-data-sets">
 <a href="14-looping-data-sets.html">Looping Over Data Sets</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#looping-over-data-sets"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#looping-over-data-sets"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Use a for loop: <code>for filename in [file1, file2]:</code>
 </li>
 <li>To find a set of files using a pattern use <code>glob.glob</code>
@@ -724,9 +724,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="sourceCode python" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode python"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> filename <span class="kw">in</span> glob.glob(<span class="op">*</span>.txt):</span>
 <span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  data <span class="op">=</span> pd.read_csv(filename)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="writing-functions"><h2 class="section-heading">
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="writing-functions">
 <a href="16-writing-functions.html">Writing Functions</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#writing-functions"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#writing-functions"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Define a function using <code>def function_name(parameters):</code>.
 Replace <code>parameters</code> with the variables to use when the
 function is executed.</li>
@@ -742,24 +742,24 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
 <span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" tabindex="-1"></a>add_numbers(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">4</span>)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
-</section><section id="variable-scope"><h2 class="section-heading">
+</section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="variable-scope">
 <a href="17-scope.html">Variable Scope</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variable-scope"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#variable-scope"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>A local variable is defined in a function and can only be seen and
 used within that function.</li>
 <li>A global variable is defined outside of a function and can be seen
 or used anywhere after definition.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="programming-style"><h2 class="section-heading">
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="programming-style">
 <a href="18-style.html">Programming Style</a><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#programming-style"></a>
-</h2>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#programming-style"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><ul><li>Document your code.</li>
 <li>Use clear and meaningful variable names.</li>
 <li>Follow <a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008" class="external-link">the PEP8
 style guide</a> when setting up your code.</li>
 <li>Use assertions to check for internal errors.</li>
 <li>Use docstrings to provide help.</li>
-</ul></section><section id="glossary"><h2 class="section-heading">Glossary<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#glossary"></a>
-</h2>
+</ul></section><section><h2 class="section-heading" id="glossary">Glossary<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#glossary"></a>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#glossary"></a></h2>
 <hr class="half-width"><dl><dt>Arguments</dt>
 <dd>
 Values passed to functions.
@@ -859,18 +859,18 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
       		<footer class="row footer mx-md-3"><hr><div class="col-md-6">
         <p>This lesson is subject to the <a href="CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html">Code of Conduct</a></p>
         <p>
-        
+
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/edit/main/learners/reference.md" class="external-link">Edit on GitHub</a>
-        
+
 	
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" class="external-link">Contributing</a>
         | <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/" class="external-link">Source</a></p>
 				<p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder/blob/main/CITATION" class="external-link">Cite</a> | <a href="mailto:team@carpentries.org">Contact</a> | <a href="https://carpentries.org/about/" class="external-link">About</a></p>
 			</div>
 			<div class="col-md-6">
-        
+
         <p>Materials licensed under <a href="LICENSE.html">CC-BY 4.0</a> by the authors</p>
-        
+
         <p>Template licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="external-link">CC-BY 4.0</a> by <a href="https://carpentries.org/" class="external-link">The Carpentries</a></p>
         <p>Built with <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/sandpaper/tree/0.16.5" class="external-link">sandpaper (0.16.5)</a>, <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/pegboard/tree/0.7.6" class="external-link">pegboard (0.7.6)</a>, and <a href="https://github.com/carpentries/varnish/tree/1.0.3" class="external-link">varnish (1.0.3)</a></p>
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@@ -895,7 +895,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">PYTHON<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/python-novice-gapminder/reference.html",
   "dateCreated": "2016-01-07",
   "dateModified": "2023-08-19",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-02"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-09"
 }
 
   </script><script>