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### General Description

“A **digital twin** is a virtual representation of an object or system designed to reflect a physical object accurately. It spans the object's lifecycle, is updated from real-time data and uses simulation, machine learning and reasoning to help make decisions.” ([IBM 2024](https://www.ibm.com/topics/what-is-a-digital-twin)). They are used in several industries, such as in the health sector or aeronautics. In the construction industry for example, building information modelling (BIM) is used as another way to reflect physical assets ([Feng et al. 2021](https://doi.org/10.22260/ISARC2021/0132)). Digital twins are one of the most advance technologies to manage complex environments by facilitating connectivity through self-operative functionalities ([Ariyachandra and Wedawatta 2023](https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511910)). “Smart City Digital Twins (SCDTs) are an emerging approach to understanding and addressing urban challenges” ([Pan et al. 2024, p. 1](http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4172102)). They are a digital model of the city that functions on continuously collected data from infrastructure and organisational systems with the objective of understanding its functioning by simulating the real conditions. SCDTs have a multitude of applications, including, but not limited to, energy management, environmental monitoring, disaster response and traffic assessment in urban areas ((Pan et al. 2024](http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4172102)).
“A **digital twin** is a virtual representation of an object or system designed to reflect a physical object accurately. It spans the object's lifecycle, is updated from real-time data and uses simulation, machine learning and reasoning to help make decisions.” ([IBM 2024](https://www.ibm.com/topics/what-is-a-digital-twin)). They are used in several industries, such as in the health sector or aeronautics. In the construction industry for example, building information modelling (BIM) is used as another way to reflect physical assets ([Feng et al. 2021](https://doi.org/10.22260/ISARC2021/0132)). Digital twins are one of the most advance technologies to manage complex environments by facilitating connectivity through self-operative functionalities ([Ariyachandra and Wedawatta 2023](https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511910)). “Smart City Digital Twins (SCDTs) are an emerging approach to understanding and addressing urban challenges” ([Pan et al. 2024, p. 1](http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4172102)). They are a digital model of the city that functions on continuously collected data from infrastructure and organisational systems with the objective of understanding its functioning by simulating the real conditions. SCDTs have a multitude of applications, including, but not limited to, energy management, environmental monitoring, disaster response and traffic assessment in urban areas ([Pan et al. 2024](http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4172102)).

**Building Information Modeling (BIM)** The National BIM Standard-United States (NBIMS-USTM) defines BIM as “a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility” ([Purnama et al. 2022, p. 294](http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-29558)). BIM is the process of capturing building-related information, and managing all gathered data, encompassing the entire lifecycle of a building ([Wahba et al. 2024](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-023-02640-9)). The advancement of Building Information Modelling has provided increasingly comprehensive and accurate information about the built environment. Furthermore, the combination of BIM with big data from IoT sensors has enabled the creation of digital twin smart cities, which are accurate 3D models of cities ([White et al. 2021](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103064)).

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