diff --git a/Changes.md b/Changes.md
index efb53d5f6..91656b12a 100644
--- a/Changes.md
+++ b/Changes.md
@@ -35,6 +35,10 @@ Unreleased
     - This warning had previously been disabled entirely in the typechecker
       version that Melange uses. It becomes more important with TRMC support
       added in Melange 2.1.0.
+- core: accept `esm{,-global}` in addition to `es6{,-global}` for
+  `--mel-module-type`; accept `--mel-module-system` in addition to
+  `--mel-module-type` too
+  ([#1086](https://github.com/melange-re/melange/pull/1086)).
 
 3.0.0 2024-01-28
 ---------------
diff --git a/bin/melc.ml b/bin/melc.ml
index 245afb25d..6cf966b07 100644
--- a/bin/melc.ml
+++ b/bin/melc.ml
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ let main: Melc_cli.t -> _ Cmdliner.Term.ret
       ppx;
       open_modules;
       bs_package_output;
-      bs_module_type;
+      mel_module_system;
       bs_syntax_only;
       bs_g;
       bs_package_name;
@@ -295,9 +295,9 @@ let main: Melc_cli.t -> _ Cmdliner.Term.ret
     if bs_g then Js_config.debug := bs_g;
 
     Option.iter Js_packages_state.set_package_name bs_package_name;
-    begin match bs_module_type, bs_package_output with
+    begin match mel_module_system, bs_package_output with
     | None, [] -> ()
-    | Some bs_module_type, [] ->
+    | Some mel_module_system, [] ->
       let suffix = match output_name with
         | Some output_name ->
           (match Filename.get_all_extensions_maybe output_name with
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ let main: Melc_cli.t -> _ Cmdliner.Term.ret
         | None ->
           raise (Arg.Bad "`-o FILENAME` is required when passing `-bs-module-type`")
       in
-      Js_packages_state.set_output_info ~suffix bs_module_type
+      Js_packages_state.set_output_info ~suffix mel_module_system
     | None, bs_package_output ->
       List.iter
         ~f:(Js_packages_state.update_npm_package_path ?module_name:bs_module_name)
diff --git a/bin/melc_cli.ml b/bin/melc_cli.ml
index 36950684c..6f662f5f5 100644
--- a/bin/melc_cli.ml
+++ b/bin/melc_cli.ml
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ type t = {
   ppx : string list;
   open_modules : string list;
   bs_package_output : string list;
-  bs_module_type : Module_system.t option;
+  mel_module_system : Module_system.t option;
   bs_syntax_only : bool;
   bs_g : bool;
   bs_package_name : string option;
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ module Internal = struct
       value & opt_all string []
       & info [ "bs-package-output"; "mel-package-output" ] ~doc)
 
-  let bs_module_type =
+  let mel_module_system =
     let module_system_conv =
       let parse m =
         match Module_system.of_string m with
@@ -267,14 +267,16 @@ module Internal = struct
         | None -> Error (`Msg (Format.asprintf "Invalid module system %s" m))
       in
       let print fmt ms = Format.fprintf fmt "%s" (Module_system.to_string ms) in
-      Arg.conv ~docv:"method" (parse, print)
+      Arg.conv ~docv:"module system" (parse, print)
     in
     let doc = "Specify the module type for JS imports" in
     let docv = "module-type" in
     Arg.(
       value
       & opt (some module_system_conv) None
-      & info [ "bs-module-type"; "mel-module-type" ] ~doc ~docv)
+      & info
+          [ "bs-module-type"; "mel-module-type"; "mel-module-system" ]
+          ~doc ~docv)
 
   let as_ppx =
     let doc = "*internal* As ppx for editor integration" in
@@ -459,7 +461,7 @@ module Compat = struct
 end
 
 let parse help include_dirs alerts warnings output_name ppx open_modules
-    bs_package_output bs_module_type bs_syntax_only bs_g bs_package_name
+    bs_package_output mel_module_system bs_syntax_only bs_g bs_package_name
     bs_module_name as_ppx as_pp no_alias_deps bs_gentype unboxed_types
     bs_unsafe_empty_array nostdlib color bs_eval bs_cmi_only
     bs_no_version_header bs_cross_module_opt bs_diagnose where verbose keep_locs
@@ -477,7 +479,7 @@ let parse help include_dirs alerts warnings output_name ppx open_modules
     ppx;
     open_modules;
     bs_package_output;
-    bs_module_type;
+    mel_module_system;
     bs_syntax_only;
     bs_g;
     bs_package_name;
@@ -536,7 +538,7 @@ let parse help include_dirs alerts warnings output_name ppx open_modules
 let cmd =
   Term.(
     const parse $ help $ include_dirs $ alerts $ warnings $ output_name $ ppx
-    $ open_modules $ Internal.bs_package_output $ Internal.bs_module_type
+    $ open_modules $ Internal.bs_package_output $ Internal.mel_module_system
     $ bs_syntax_only $ bs_g $ bs_package_name $ bs_module_name $ Internal.as_ppx
     $ Internal.as_pp $ Internal.no_alias_deps $ Internal.bs_gentype
     $ unboxed_types $ Internal.bs_unsafe_empty_array $ Internal.nostdlib $ color
diff --git a/flake.lock b/flake.lock
index 8417e744f..f8d9fe03e 100644
--- a/flake.lock
+++ b/flake.lock
@@ -64,11 +64,11 @@
         "nixpkgs": "nixpkgs_2"
       },
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1710451106,
-        "narHash": "sha256-ldO1qLTiTPTfAvMiQQEkxqlboQYH9KNMcqQGL9xKV9E=",
+        "lastModified": 1710460369,
+        "narHash": "sha256-f0LgQ/jid2iHR6T4NxiKJASmlGq7hb+4n/twNjDrF8E=",
         "owner": "nix-ocaml",
         "repo": "nix-overlays",
-        "rev": "59d1bb03ddfc5fe6653cdbef4e20315570d9a138",
+        "rev": "19b927746c677bee12113a611f3bb8bcd62d27be",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {
diff --git a/jscomp/core/js_dump_program.ml b/jscomp/core/js_dump_program.ml
index 77018fc77..4c733a83a 100644
--- a/jscomp/core/js_dump_program.ml
+++ b/jscomp/core/js_dump_program.ml
@@ -132,9 +132,9 @@ let pp_deps_program =
       let output_dir = Filename.dirname output_prefix in
       ignore
         (match output_info.module_system with
-        | Es6 | Es6_global ->
+        | ESM | ESM_global ->
             es6_program ~package_info ~output_dir ~output_info f program
-        | NodeJS ->
+        | CommonJS ->
             node_program ~package_info ~output_info ~output_dir f program);
       P.newline f;
       P.string f
diff --git a/jscomp/core/js_name_of_module_id.ml b/jscomp/core/js_name_of_module_id.ml
index cf6a46832..fccc572ec 100644
--- a/jscomp/core/js_name_of_module_id.ml
+++ b/jscomp/core/js_name_of_module_id.ml
@@ -62,13 +62,16 @@ let get_runtime_module_path ~package_info ~output_info
   | Package_script -> Module_system.runtime_package_path js_file
   | Package_found _path_info -> (
       match module_system with
-      | NodeJS | Es6 -> Module_system.runtime_package_path js_file
+      | CommonJS | ESM -> Module_system.runtime_package_path js_file
       (* Note we did a post-processing when working on Windows *)
-      | Es6_global ->
+      | ESM_global ->
           (* lib/ocaml/xx.cmj --
               HACKING: FIXME
               maybe we can caching relative package path calculation or employ package map *)
-          let dep_path = "lib" // Module_system.runtime_dir module_system in
+          let dep_path =
+            "lib"
+            (* // Module_system.runtime_dir module_system  *)
+          in
           (* TODO(anmonteiro): This doesn't work yet *)
           Path.rel_normalized_absolute_path
             ~from:
@@ -132,9 +135,9 @@ let string_of_module_id ~package_info ~output_info
                   ~to_:dep_info.rel_path js_file
             | false -> (
                 match module_system with
-                | NodeJS | Es6 -> dep_info.pkg_rel_path // js_file
+                | CommonJS | ESM -> dep_info.pkg_rel_path // js_file
                 (* Note we did a post-processing when working on Windows *)
-                | Es6_global ->
+                | ESM_global ->
                     Path.rel_normalized_absolute_path
                       ~from:
                         (Js_packages_info.get_output_dir
diff --git a/jscomp/melstd/module_system.ml b/jscomp/melstd/module_system.ml
index f32dd5730..af38c1142 100644
--- a/jscomp/melstd/module_system.ml
+++ b/jscomp/melstd/module_system.ml
@@ -22,35 +22,32 @@
  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. *)
 
-type t = NodeJS | Es6 | Es6_global
+type t = CommonJS | ESM | ESM_global
 
-let default = NodeJS
+let default = CommonJS
 
 (* ocamlopt could not optimize such simple case..*)
 let compatible ~dep t =
   match t with
-  | NodeJS -> dep = NodeJS
-  | Es6 -> dep = Es6
-  | Es6_global -> dep = Es6_global || dep = Es6
+  | CommonJS -> dep = CommonJS
+  | ESM -> dep = ESM
+  | ESM_global -> dep = ESM_global || dep = ESM
 (* As a dependency Leaf Node, it is the same either [global] or [not] *)
 
-(* in runtime lib, [es6] and [es6] are treated the same way *)
-let runtime_dir = function NodeJS -> "js" | Es6 | Es6_global -> "es6"
-
 let runtime_package_path =
   let ( // ) = Path.( // ) in
   let melange_js = "melange.js" in
   fun js_file -> melange_js // js_file
 
 let to_string = function
-  | NodeJS -> "commonjs"
-  | Es6 -> "es6"
-  | Es6_global -> "es6-global"
+  | CommonJS -> "commonjs"
+  | ESM -> "esm"
+  | ESM_global -> "esm-global"
 
 let of_string_exn = function
-  | "commonjs" -> NodeJS
-  | "es6" -> Es6
-  | "es6-global" -> Es6_global
+  | "commonjs" -> CommonJS
+  | "esm" | "es6" -> ESM
+  | "esm-global" | "es6-global" -> ESM_global
   | s -> raise (Arg.Bad ("invalid module system " ^ s))
 
 let of_string s =
diff --git a/jscomp/melstd/module_system.mli b/jscomp/melstd/module_system.mli
index 85b6b9c30..fb6754ad7 100644
--- a/jscomp/melstd/module_system.mli
+++ b/jscomp/melstd/module_system.mli
@@ -22,11 +22,10 @@
  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. *)
 
-type t = NodeJS | Es6 | Es6_global
+type t = CommonJS | ESM | ESM_global
 
 val default : t
 val compatible : dep:t -> t -> bool
-val runtime_dir : t -> string
 val runtime_package_path : string -> string
 val to_string : t -> string
 val of_string_exn : string -> t
diff --git a/playground/mel_playground.ml b/playground/mel_playground.ml
index e82f54302..96daf2f94 100644
--- a/playground/mel_playground.ml
+++ b/playground/mel_playground.ml
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ let compile =
             ~package_info:Js_packages_info.empty
             ~output_info:
               {
-                Js_packages_info.module_system = Es6;
+                Js_packages_info.module_system = ESM;
                 suffix = Js_suffix.default;
               }
             (Js_pp.from_buffer buffer)