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+# MSC4203: Sending to-device events to appservices
+This MSC is a part of adding end-to-end encryption support to application services.
+It was split off from [MSC2409]. The parent MSC for encrypted appservices is [MSC3202].
+
+[MSC2409]: https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2409
+[MSC3202]: https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3202
+
+## Proposal
+A new key, `to_device`, is added to the request body of the appservice API
+`/transactions` endpoint. The key contains a list of all to-device events
+sent to users who are covered by the namespaces of the appservice. If there are
+no new to-device events, the key can be omitted.
+
+In addition to the usual keys that are included in to-device events in the
+client-server `/sync` API, appservice to-device events include `to_user_id` and
+`to_device_id` fields to specify which user and device the event was sent to.
+
+```jsonc
+{
+  "to_device": [
+    {
+      "to_user_id": "@appservice_12345:example.com",
+      "to_device_id": "VPLQFIDCIT",
+      "type": "m.room.encrypted",
+      "sender": "@user:example.com",
+      "content": {
+        "algorithm": "m.olm.v1.curve25519-aes-sha2",
+        "sender_key": "...",
+        "ciphertext": {
+          "...": {}
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  ],
+  "events": [
+    // ...
+  ],
+  "ephemeral": [
+    // MSC2409...
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+Like [MSC3202], this MSC does not have an opt-in/out flag, as there usually
+aren't any devices or to-device traffic if the appservice doesn't support
+encryption.
+
+### Implementation detail: when to delete a to-device message
+
+Not defined by this MSC is an explicit algorithm for when to delete a to-device message (mark
+it as sent). This is left as an implementation detail, though a suggested approach is as
+follows:
+
+* If the message is sent to a user under an appservice's *exclusive* namespace mark it as sent
+  and delete it. Note that retried transactions will still need to include the message.
+* If the message is sent to a user under an appservice's *inclusive* namespace, mark it as sent
+  to the appservice but do not delete it until a `/sync` request is completed which includes the
+  message. Note that retried transactions will still need to include the message.
+
+This approach is largely to align with how namespaces are used by appservices in practice, but
+is not applicable to all scenarios (and thus is an implementation detail). The majority of known
+appservices use exclusive namespaces, which typically also means that those users will not be
+calling `/sync`. Because of this, the server may never get another opportunity to delete the
+messages until it has confirmed that the appservice received the transaction successfully. Inclusive
+namespaces are typically used when the appservice wants to impact a subset of users, but without
+controlling those users explicitly. Typically, inclusive users are also calling `/sync` and so
+the appservice should be CC'd on the to-device messages that would normally go down `/sync`.
+
+For inclusive namespaces, servers may also track who created a device, and not wait for `/sync`
+if the device was created using [appservice login] or equivalent future methods like [MSC4190].
+
+[appservice login]: https://spec.matrix.org/v1.11/application-service-api/#server-admin-style-permissions
+[MSC4190]: https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4190
+
+## Potential issues
+If servers forget to delete to-device events, they may accumulate in the
+database and fill up the disk.
+
+## Alternatives
+Appservices can use `/sync` (as they already do), but it's rather clunky to
+need a different way to receive to-device events than normal events.
+
+Appservices can also be unencrypted, which mostly removes the need for
+to-device events.
+
+### Nested event data
+Instead of mixing `to_user_id` and `to_device_id` in with the existing fields,
+the existing fields could be nested inside another object. However, unlike room
+events, custom fields are not allowed in the top level of to-device events. The
+federation format is already quite different than the client-server format:
+<https://spec.matrix.org/unstable/server-server-api/#definition-mdirect_to_device>.
+Existing server implementations ignore custom top-level fields over federation
+when converting to the client format.
+
+## Security considerations
+Receiving to-device events does not have any inherent security implications.
+Appservices are already able to log in as users in their namespace and use
+`/sync` to receive to-device events, which means no additional privileges are
+granted. As always, care should be taken when specifying appservice namespaces.
+
+## Unstable prefix
+Until this MSC is accepted, `de.sorunome.msc2409.to_device` should be used as
+the key in transactions requests instead of `to_device`. The key is different
+than the MSC number to preserve compatibility with the older version which was
+a part of [MSC2409].
+
+[MSC2409]: https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2409